Abstract: Agricultural non-point source pollution in Dongting Lake is becoming increasingly serious. It is a scientific issue to understand the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Dongting Lake basin.The improved output coefficient model and equal-standard pollution load method were used to calculate the TN and TP pollution load of 25 counties (cities and districts) in Dongting Lake Basin. The spatial distribution map of TN and TP pollution load was drawn with GIS to analyze the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of TN and TP pollution load in the basin. The results show that：（1）From the perspective of spatial scale, TN and TP pollution load on dimensional emissions has obvious regional differences in characteristics, and counties and districts such as Anhua, Taoyuan, Shimen, Pingjiang and Taojiang counties are the key prevention and control areas of agricultural surface source pollution in the Dongting Lake basin, and the areas with higher pollution load are concentrated in the upper reaches of the basin. （2）From the perspective of time scale, the TN pollution load was 11.95, 10.90 and 6.95 ×104 t/a and TP pollution load was 7.60, 7.00 and 4.21 ×104 t/a in 2010, 2015 and 2019, respectively. The TN and TP pollutant loads in the Dongting Lake Basin showed a significant reduction trend, and the TN pollution load was always larger than the TP pollution load. （3）TN and TP pollution load also showed a decreasing law from livestock and poultry breeding, land use and residents' life. （4）Cluster analysis method was used to classify the basin into four types: compound pollution, livestock and poultry breeding pollution, land use pollution and residential life pollution. Finally, in order to promote the comprehensive control of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Dongting Lake Basin, combined with the temporal and spatial characteristics of TN and TP pollution loads, some measures were put forward, such as scientific fertilization for planting industry, rational planning of livestock and poultry breeding scale and zoning, improvement of rural living environment, and development of ecological agriculture in accordance with the reality.