Abstract: Clarifying the income transformation of poverty alleviation households in underdeveloped mountainous areas is of great significance for consolidating poverty alleviation achievements and promoting rural revitalization. This article analyzed the overall level and structural characteristics of household income based on the investigation data from 24 poverty-stricken villages in × County, Hubei Province, covering the period of 2016 to 2022. By using geographic detectors and binary logistic regression models, the factors influencing income transformation were explored. The main conclusions were as follows: (1) With continuous support from the government and the development of households themselves, household income had been improved to certain degrees, leading to significant poverty alleviation results in the local area. (2) Individual factors affecting total household income showed significant differences in explanatory power, with family endowment factors being the most prominent. The explanatory power of the interaction between two factors was higher than that of a single factor. (3) The income structure of most households had undergone obvious changes, with a continuous increase in the proportion of wage income and a significant enhancement of endogenous development motivation. (4) Family endowment and geographical environment had the strongest influence, with distinct differences in the direction and intensity of the effects. This article suggested that necessary assistance measures be improved based on the development status of poverty alleviation households, to further raise the income level and to optimize the income structure of the poverty-stricken population for the promotion of comprehensive rural revitalization.