长江流域资源与环境 >> 2025, Vol. 34 >> Issue (3): 682-692.doi: 10.11870/cjlyzyyhj202503017

• 农业发展 • 上一篇    下一篇

青海湖国家公园不同类型牧户生计韧性评价

马勇洁1,仲俊涛2*,米文宝3,方志霞1   

  1. (1.青海师范大学地理科学学院,青海 西宁 810008;2.西安科技大学测绘科学与技术学院,陕西 西安 710054;3.宁夏大学地理科学与规划学院,宁夏 银川 750021)
  • 出版日期:2025-03-20 发布日期:2025-03-20

Assessment of Livelihood Resilience among Various Herder Groups within Qinghai Lake National Park

MA Yong-jie1, ZHONG Jun-tao2, MI Wen-bao3, FANG Zhi-xia1   

  1. (1 College of Geographic Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008,China; 2 College of Surveying and Mapping Science and Technology, Xi 'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054,China; 3 College of Geographic Science and Planning, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021,China)
  • Online:2025-03-20 Published:2025-03-20

摘要: 青海湖周边地区生态地位突出,牧户可持续发展面临生态保护、旅游业参与、国家公园建设等诸多因素影响,探究不同类型牧户生计韧性及其风险因子,对于防范和规避牧户致贫返贫、促进乡村振兴具有重要现实意义。以青海湖国家公园为例,运用参与式农户评估法(PRA)进行生计普查,基于调整的Speranza生计韧性评价体系,从缓冲能力、适应能力和转型能力3个维度选取体现青海湖国家公园牧户生计韧性的变量,测算不同生计类型牧户生计韧性,并利用地理探测器模型识别牧户生计韧性风险因子。结果表明:(1)牧户生计类型选择存在严重的两极分化,牧业主导型(47.30%)和兼业旅游型(31.75%)是青海湖国家公园牧户生计类型选择和发展的主要方向;(2)青海湖国家公园牧户生计韧性整体水平较低,不同生计类型牧户的生计韧性水平存在显著差异,生计韧性水平由高到低为兼业旅游型(0.353 4)>旅游主导型(0.340 5)>牧业主导型(0.288 8)>政府兜底型(0.231 2)。生计韧性内部各维度层能力也表现失衡,其中缓冲能力最强,转型能力最弱,多样化的生计策略对牧户生计韧性水平提高具有显著效果;(3)不同风险因子对牧户生计韧性作用强度各不相同,退牧还草、旅游市场季节性波动、湖水上涨和家庭抚养比是影响生计韧性的主要风险因子。对此,应进一步完善草原生态奖补政策,根据季节特点和市场需求及时开发旅游产品,建立永久性淹没区牧户退牧还湖补偿长效机制,提高当地的教育和医疗等公共服务水平,以有效促进牧户生计和生态可持续发展。

Abstract: The ecological condition of the Qinghai Lake vicinity is noteworthy, with the sustainable development of herdsmen being influenced by various factors including ecological conservation, tourism involvement, and the establishment of national parks. Investigating the resilience and vulnerabilities of diverse livelihoods among herdsmen holds significant practical importance in mitigating poverty among this population and fostering rural rejuvenation.Using the Participatory Farmer Assessment (PRA) method, a livelihood survey was conducted in Qinghai Lake National Park. Variables representing the livelihood resilience of herdsmen in the park were selected based on the adjusted Speranza livelihood resilience evaluation system, focusing on buffering ability, adaptability ability, and transformation ability. The livelihood resilience of herdsmen with different livelihood types was quantified, and a geographic detector model was employed to identify risk factors affecting their livelihood resilience.The findings indicate that:(1)There exists a significant polarization in the choice of livelihood options among herders, with a predominant focus on herder-led activities (47.30%) and part-time tourism (31.75%) as the primary avenues for selecting and advancing livelihood options within Qinghai Lake National Park.(2)The study conducted in Qinghai Lake National Park indicates that the herdsmen exhibit a relatively low level of livelihood resilience, with notable variations among different livelihood types. The resilience levels range from high to low, with the part-time tourism type demonstrating the highest level (0.353 4), followed by the tourism-led type (0.340 5), pastoral owner-led type (0.288 8), and government-supported type (0.231 2). Furthermore, the internal dimensions of livelihood resilience display unequal capacities, with the strongest buffering ability and the weakest transformation ability.The implementation of diversified livelihood strategies has a notable impact on enhancing the livelihood resilience of herdsmen.(3)The impact of various risk factors on herdsmen's livelihood resilience varies. Key risk factors include the transition from pasturing to grassland cultivation, seasonal fluctuations in the tourism market, rising lake levels, and the dependency ratio of the household.It is imperative to enhance the grassland ecological reward and subsidy policy, create tourism products that align with seasonal characteristics and market demand, implement a sustainable compensation mechanism for pastoral households affected by permanent inundation, elevate local public service provisions including education and healthcare, and actively support the livelihoods of pastoral communities while fostering sustainable ecological development.
Key words:livelihood resilience; herdsmen; risk factors; Qinghai Lake National Park

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