Abstract: Water is the important natural resource for the development of human society. Under the background of water scarcity in China, it is very important to create more welfare growth with less water consumption and seek sustainable development of water resources. Based on the logic of ecological well-being performance, this paper constructs an evaluation system of water well-being performance to measure the sustainable utilization of water resources of 31 provincial-level regions in China. To solve the problem that the intertemporal outcomes computed from traditional DEA methods are not comparable, this paper adopts the generalized DEA method to measure the water well-being performance of 31 provincial-level regions in China from 2006 to 2015, and analyses the spatial agglomeration of the sustainable utilization of water resources in China using the global Moran’s I index, the Moran scatter plot, the local Moran’I index, and the LISA cluster plots. The study found: ①The water well-being performance of 31 provincial-level regions in China is on the rise from 2006 to 2015 , and the eastern region is the best, followed by the west, and the central region is the worst. There are still significant differences between the 31 provincial-level regions. The water well-being performance of Beijing is the highest, and the water resource welfare of Ningxia is the lowest.②The water well-being performance in China has spatial agglomeration effect and has been increasing year by year and passes the significant test since 2009. During the observation period, the spatial evolution path of the sustainable utilization of water resources in 31 provincial-level regions in China includes four states: positive spatial agglomeration, negative spatial agglomeration, negative spatial overflow and spatial differentiation. As time goes on, more and more provinces are affected by the negative influence of the neighboring provinces and enter low-low concentration areas. The provincial government must not only pay attention to the improvement of their own water resource welfare performance, but also should pay attention to the trends of the sustainable use of water resources in neighboring provinces in order to prevent negative spatial effects.③The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has long been stable in high and high agglomeration areas, while the provinces near Pearl River valley such as Hunan and Guangdong have long been stable in low-low concentration areas. The water well-being performance in water-scarce areas is better than that in rich water areas, which provides a warning for the rich water areas.