Abstract: Based on the annual NDVI data of vegetation in Anhui Province from 2000 to 2019 and the land cover data in 2000 and 2020, the change characteristics of NDVI data and spatial distribution in the whole province and 5 ecological regions (Huaibei, Jianghuai, West Anhui, Yanjiang, South Anhui) were analyzed using mathematical statistics and spatial overlay analysis methods, and the impact mechanism of human activities (Mainly rapid urbanization process) on vegetation change was quantitatively analyzed by using land cover change indicators. The results show that the regions with an increasing NDVI in the province have a wide distribution and good stability, accounting for 81.5% of the total area. The area and intensity of vegetation coverage improvement in West and South Anhui were significantly higher than those in the other 3 ecological regions. There are few regions with a declining trend in NDVI, and the stability is poor. It is mainly distributed around cities, counties and townships and along the traffic corridor, showing a network radiation. Among the 5 ecological regions, the NDVI in Yanjiang shows the most decline in patches and the highest volatility. Urbanization is the most dominant process of land cover change in the province, which has caused a very significant decline in NDVI to a large extent. However, the continuous natural growth of forest and grass enclosure may bring about a very significant increase of NDVI.