Abstract: Improving the rural livelihood resilience and tapping the risk-resistant potential of rural areas are important for the sustainability of rural areas, farmers and agriculture.In this study, a rural livelihood resilience evaluation indicator system was established based on a regional macro perspective.The system integrated buffering capacity, adjustment capacity and renewal capacity.The rural livelihood resilience of 234 out-of-poverty counties in the mountainous areas of Southwest China was quantitatively evaluated, using the set-pair analysis method.The overall level and spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of rural livelihood resilience were analyzed, and the influencing factors of rural livelihood resilience were further explored using Geodetector.The results showed that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the rural livelihood resilience in mountainous areas of Southwest China increased from a sub-low level of 0136 5 to a sub-high level of 0506 9.The structure of rural livelihood resilience evolved from "adjustment capacity - buffering capacity - renewal capacity" to "buffering capacity - adjustment capacity - renewal capacity"; (2) There were significant spatial differences in rural livelihood resilience in the study area, showing a spatial distribution pattern extending from northeast to southwest, with the center of gravity of rural livelihood resilience moving first to the northeast and then to the southwest, with an evidence of more and more balanced in the radial direction; (3) Rural livelihood resilience showed a significant clustering pattern in the global spatial distribution, with clustering slowly weakening and then rapidly increasing.The cold spots were concentrated in the Tibetan areas of Sichuan and Yunnan, and the Wumeng Mountains, while the hot spots were concentrated in northern Sichuan, Chongqing, and western Yunnan; (4) The influence of natural geographical environment continued to decline, while the economic development foundation, industrial diversification, and medical services were becoming increasingly important for the enhancement of rural livelihood resilience.This study aimed to integrate the resilience theory into the macro rural livelihood system to examine the spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of rural livelihood resilience, which provided important theoretical and practical guidance significance for consolidating the results of poverty alleviation and implementing rural revitalization strategies in underdeveloped mountainous areas