The rapid process of urbanization worldwide has a profound effect on global carbon cycle. It's important to have an explicit understanding of the spatial distribution of CO₂ to recognize and control Green-house gases (GHGs) emission, which is helpful to reduce human-induced contribution to global climate change. The study area of this project is set in the metropolitan city of Shanghai with the background of high-intensity of human activities and rapid urbanization. Mobile measuring methodology was used to determine near surface CO₂ concentration along typical transects in spring, 2014 by means of near infrared gas analyzer LI-840A, combined with classification of urbanization levels and types of land use information derived from remote sensing data. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of CO₂ concentration's response mechanisms to urbanization levels and types of land use are represented in this paper. Data suggested a well-shaped carbon dioxide dome with mean concentration of 445.8±40.5 μmol/mol in the city center, 55.1 μmol/mol (13.3%) higher than that in suburban areas. CO₂ concentration exhibited a significant spatial heterogeneity and descended in a sequence with three directions which were northwest, southwest and southeast, respectively. Near surface CO₂ has a negative relationship with distance to the city center with a decline of 1.56 μmol/mol per kilometer. In general, Near surface CO₂ concentrations dropped rapidly within the range of 20 km from the urban core (DUC) while rather slowly out of the same range(approximately 0.7 μmol/mol/km). Urbanization levels within the territory of Shanghai City have significant impacts on concentrations of near surface CO₂. According to the classification of urbanization levels, concentrations with high, middle, low urbanization level and suburban areas are 467.6±44.7, 451.7±41.1, 452.7±34.9 and 426.0±24.8 μmol/mol, respectively. Coverage rate of forested land has the highest correlation with near surface CO₂ concentration following by the construction areas, farmland and grassland with the correlation coefficient of -0.64, 0.63, -0.55 and -0.52(P<0.01), respectively. Correlation coefficients between near surface CO₂ concentrations and types of land use score higher values in high urbanization and suburban areas than in middle and low urbanization areas.

Visibility is one of basic parameters in meteorological observation, which can be used to represent the degree of atmospheric quality. Accurate measurement of atmospheric visibility is important for both human health and transportation. Visibility measurement through ground-based instrumentation on regional scale is lacking. In this paper, seasonal models are fitted using visibility measurement data from meteorological observation station located in Nanjing university of Information Science & Technology and aerosol scale height data from MODIS aerosol optical depth production. Using the seasonal models, visibility distribution of Nanjing in 2013 was mapped and the temporal and spatial distribution of regional visibility over the Nanjing area was analyzed. The results showed that the aerosol scale height in summer had the highest value of 1.328 km and the value in winter had the lowest value of 0.587 6 km in the Nanjing City. According to the validation of estimated visibility values using meteorological station measurement data, the average absolute error and average relative error of estimated visibility values were 1.72 km and 30.71%, respectively. The seasonal average estimated visibility values present better consistency with measurement data with the seasonal average absolute error and relative error of 1.29 km and 14%, respectively. Spatial scale difference between the observational station data and remote sensing data was the main cause of estimation error. Furthermore, the high wind speed will increase the model estimation error through the analysis of synchronous observation wind data. The annual average visibility of 2013 over the Nanjing area is 6.07 km presenting an increasing trend from the city center to the suburbs. In the study area, the visibility values in different seasons were obviously different. Visibility value of summer was 9.93 km and it was higher than the other three seasons with visibility value. According to the natural and economic conditions in study area, the spatio-temporal distribution of visibility is mainly affected by weather and the arrangement of regional economic developments. Besides, the effect of human activities was also an important factor in affecting visibility value. A large number of construction projects in the city central areas in 2013 contributed to produce local dust weather which can result in high value of visibility.

With the continuous development of China's industrialization, haze weather broke out continuously at the main economic development area of China, which seriously affects people's daily life and health. PM2.5, which is known as an important component of haze, becomes a hotspot issue in the field of environment science. A large number of studies shows that PM2.5 can absorb toxic substances in the air, and through the respiratory tract into the body, which cause the allergic patients suffering from respiratory or cardiovascular disease at risk. Also, PM2.5 is closely related with the recently reduction of city atmospheric visibility, which can lead to traffic accident. In addition, with the global change research field gradually strengthening the related research of land use and ecological environment, the related research of land use and PM2.5 has become very important from the social economic development point of view, and from the environment sustainable development perspective. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the correlation of various land use types and concentrations of PM2.5 in Wuhan City. We used the ArcGIS and ENVI software to perform spatial analysis and interpolation based on Wuhan's 2013 MODIS aerosol products, then we used SPSS to analyze PM2.5 concentration data from 10 stations in Wuhan to confirm the MODIS aerosol optical thickness relevance to PM2.5 concentrations, and established the linear regression model to study the correlation between the calculated overall PM2.5 concentrations in Wuhan city and various land use types. Results showed that PM2.5 concentrations had obvious spatial distribution characteristics in Wuhan City, green land and PM2.5 concentrations had significantly negative correlation, the correlation between construction land and PM2.5 concentrations was significantly positive, and arable land had no significant effects on PM2.5 concentration. Through the comparison among the absolute value of these five land-use type, we can find out that the rank of water and arable changing at the three days, which shows there may be other factors such as soil composition, water composition, spectral radiation influencing PM2.5 concentrations. Our conclusions are that land-use has a significant effect on distribution of PM2.5 concentration in Wuhan City, and remote sensing satellite monitoring methods based on MODIS sensor is a new method of researching space distribution of PM2.5 concentration at a particular area. In addition, increasing the urban greening area or controlling the ratio of construction land can effectively reduce PM2.5 concentrations.

Achieving a win-win situation between improvement of land intensive use and carbon emission is the expectation of the Chinese land managers. Firstly, we calculated the level of land intensive use and land use carbon emission in the central cities, then we performed theoretical analysis and made assumptions to describe the relationship between them using the documentary method. We used the methods of co-integration test, granger causality test and impulse response function to verify the theoretical analysis based on the panel data of three central cities in Hubei Province in 1996-2010.The results showed that there was a long-term equilibrium relation between the level of land intensive use and carbon emission of the three central cities in Hubei Province. Research conclusions can be listed as follows. Firstly, in the capital intensive stage of land use, the effect of land intensive use on increasing carbon emission of construction land as carbon source is significantly greater than the effect on conservation carbon sink of the agricultural land. Secondly, the relationship between the level of land intensive use and carbon emission changed dynamically in different stages of land intensive use. Advances in technology is the key to change the positive correlation between land intensive use and carbon emission, and it would be the breakthrough to achieve a win-win situation between improvement of land intensive use and carbon less emission. Thirdly, in the stage of land intensive use, the improvement of the level of land intensive use would promote the increase of land use carbon emission, but, with the transformation of the city industry characteristics and economic development, the response of carbon emission to land intensive use would be weak. Finally, the strategy of land low-carbon and intensive use was proposed based on the research conclusions.

Since China suffered the wide range of continuous fog haze weather frequently, the research of the cointegrating relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth has become a hot topic. As carbon emissions and economic developed rapidly in China, China is now the world's second-biggest economy and the biggest carbon emitter. It is of great significance to study the relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth. This study revisits the cointegrating relationship among carbon emission, energy consumption, economic growth and industrial structure change for China using the LM unit root test and the Gregory-Hansen cointegration test with a view of testing the environmental Kuznet's curve hypothesis in the presence of possible regime shift in long run relationship of the variables for the period 1978 to 2012 with the support of GAUSS 8.0. The problem of multicollinearity will likely result in distortion of model estimates using the least squares method directly. We used the ridge regression method to fit the model with the support of SPSS 18. The results showed that: (a) According to the results of ADF, KPSS and LM unit root test, carbon emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and industrial structure were unit root process sequences which is a prerequisite for cointegrating analysis. (b) The Gregory-Hansen cointegrating test showed that there indeed exists a cointegrating relationship among carbon emission, energy consumption, economic growth and industrial structure change in the case of structural break situations, and the break point is 1997. (c) Taking 1997 as the cut-off point, we divided the sample into two stages for analysis. Due to the presence of multicollinearity problem, we use the ridge regression analysis at each stage, which is more accurate than the OLS regression. Energy consumption, economic growth have a significant increase in carbon emissions. The coefficient of Y² is positive, which indicates that China's carbon emissions Kuznets curve has a U-shaped structure. China's economic development has not brought about a turning point reduction in carbon emissions which remains increasing with the economic development now. Comparing the results of the two periods, the elasticity coefficient of the carbon emissions for INS is not significant in the first stage and 2.02 in the second stage, which means that under other conditions unchanged, the industrial structure has a significant increase compared to the previous impact on carbon emissions. Based on this, strategies of improving energy efficiency, industrial structure regulation are proposed for carbon emissions reduction to make the "APEC blue" a "new normal".

Pi River located in the west of Anhui Province is the largest tributary of the Huaihe River at its south bank. The spatial and temporal change of precipitation is very obvious in Pi River Valley. Meanwhile, droughts and floods occur frequently in this region. Analysis on the characteristics and changes of different-class precipitation is of great importance for revealing the laws of climate changes fully in the study area, taking precautions against and fighting natural adversities as well as utilizing water resources reasonably. Based on the daily precipitation data from 1958 to 2012 of 12 meteorological stations in Pi River Valley, daily precipitation were classified into four grades according to precipitation intensity, namely, light(0.1-9.9 mm/d), moderate(10.0-24.9 mm/d), heavy(25.0-49.9 mm/d), hard(≥50 mm/d) rain. The regional amount and frequency of different-class precipitation in the year and seasons were established on the basis of corresponding series of each station by using the arithmetical mean method. We analyzed the seasonal distribution as well as changing trend and abrupt changes of regional different-class precipitation, together with probability distribution of the continuous 3 days maximum precipitation in main rainy season (May to September) in Pi River Valley in this paper. The results showed that the mean proportion of light, moderate, heavy, hard rain precipitation to annual total precipitation were 21.2%, 29.7%, 26.4% and 22.7%, respectively, and those of different-class precipitation frequency were 73.4%, 16.9%, 7.0% and 2.7% in turn. Amount and frequency of light rain in seasons was relatively uniform. Precipitation class was higher, the frequency of it in a year was less and time distribution was more concentrated. The increasing trend of annual rainfall was not obvious, but frequency of annual precipitation exhibited a decreasing tendency at the 0.001 significance level, resulting in the increased annual average precipitation intensity. The amount and frequency of all grades both exhibited increasing tendency in summer and the increasing trend of hard rain were more significant than that of other precipitation classes. There wasn't obvious tendency in winter precipitation frequency except moderate rain, at the same time amount of light, moderate rain in winter exhibited increasing trend. The amount and frequency of all grades decreased consistently in spring and autumn and the decreasing tendency of light rain frequency were very significant exceeding 0.001 level. The abrupt changes in amount and frequency of annual hard rain occurred both in 1968. The jump of decreasing at the 0.01 significance level took place in 1975 in annual light rain frequency. There existed an abrupt increasing change in annual total rainfall, while there existed an abrupt reduction change in annual total precipitation frequency. In comparison to 1958-1977, the probabilities of the continuous 3 days extreme precipitation in main rainy season in Pi River Valley were higher in 1978-2012 and the extreme precipitation in different return periods increased obviously. Facing increasing flood frequency and intensity, we should strengthen the flood control and disaster mitigation efficiently.

Based on the daily precipitation data from 86 stations in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the period of 1961-2011, characteristics of spatial and temporal variation of consecutive rainfall days, frequencies, total amount and intensity were analyzed using the methods of linear trend estimate and M-K test. The results showed that the consecutive rainfall days were 70-130 d/a and the frequency was 7-12 times/a in most of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Also, the total amount of rainfall was 500-1 300 mm/a with the annual consecutive rainfall intensity of 8-10 mm/d. The consecutive rainfall process lasted about 8-10 days each time. In the research regions, more days and higher frequency of consecutive rainfall were observed in the south than in the north, greater total amount of consecutive rainfall appeared in the southeast than in the northwest, and stronger rainfall intensity emerged in the east than in the west. Recent 50 years have witnessed the decreasing trends of the days, frequencies and total amount of the consecutive rain over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with the decreasing rate of 3.8 d/10 a, 0.3 time/10a and 18.5 mm/10 a, respectively. Although the consecutive rainfall days and frequencies were significantly reduced, the rainfall intensity was significantly increased with an increasing rate of 0.2 mm/(d·10 a). The spatial distribution trend of consecutive rainfall over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River was uneven. The annual days and frequencies of consecutive rainfall significantly decreased in the western regions, but slightly decreased in most eastern regions. In most areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the total amount of annual consecutive rainfall was significantly reduced, especially in the western regions. The abrupt change analysis supported the existence of years with abrupt changes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The abrupt change of each variable mainly occurred during the period of 1991-2011. The abrupt change of reduced consecutive rainfall days emerged in 2003, and the decreasing trend became statistically significant since 2006. The abrupt change of consecutive rainfall frequencies occurred in 2004, and the decreasing trend became statistically significant since 2010. The abrupt change of total amount of consecutive rainfall intensity was present in 2006, but such change was not statistically significant. The abrupt change of consecutive rainfall was observed in 1992-1994, with a significant increasing trend emerged in 2010.

Taihu Lake Basin is one of the most serious polluted areas in China, while the eutrophication is the main environmental problem, which is mainly caused by the agricultural non-point source pollution as commonly considered. Therefore, an in-depth study of the agricultural leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus under rice-wheat rotation in Taihu Lake Basin is necessary. In order to get the data of leaching nitrogen and phosphorus, the concentration of the nitrogen and phosphorus in soil water sample should be tested and the leakage of soil water should be acquired. Traditional methods on that have many limitations in practical applications and generally the time-continuous leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus can't be obtained. While in this study, based on long-term measurement of soil water content, the farmland soil water leakage under rice-wheat rotation was simulated using the Hydrus-1D model. Combining simulation results and measurements of soil water nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations at the depth of 60 cm, the leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus were obtained. Comparing to the traditional methods, this method can calculate the data of the leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus by less measurement data. Results showed that the Hyrus-1D model can well simulate the leakage of soil water in the farmlands of Taihu Lake Basin. The soil water leakage was influenced by precipitation, irrigation and antecedent soil water content. The leakage amount was little and the time of duration was long during wheat growing season; while during rice growing season, the leakage amount was large and the time of duration was short. The leaching of ammonium nitrogen and dissolved phosphorus mainly occur during the rice growing season. The leaching of ammonium nitrogen during this period (2.62 kg/hm²) accounted for 96.0% of the total leaching during the whole study period. The leaching of dissolved phosphorus (0.49 kg/hm²) accounted for 96.0% of the total leaching. However, the leaching of nitrate nitrogen mainly occurred during the wheat growing season. The leaching during this season (57.97 kg/hm²) accounted for 89.5% of the total leaching during the whole study period. The main form of inorganic nitrogen leaching from soil was nitrate nitrogen, which accounted for 96.4% of the total inorganic nitrogen leaching. In conclusion, the nitrate nitrogen should be the key control targets in preventing agricultural non-point source pollution, to reduce the risk of agricultural non-point source pollution contaminating the quality of the groundwater and Taihu Lake water body. Besides, the peak leaching time of nitrogen and phosphorus is during fallow period and at the early stage of the growth of paddy (June and July), due to the unstable soil and undeveloped roots in field and frequent rainfall during these periods.

During the investigation on water birds at Lake Chenhu Nature Reserve form 2010 to 2013, 67 birds species of 15 families of 7 orders were recorded, in all families, ducks, ardeidae and snipe birds predominate, in which there were 11 species listed on Rank I and II National Protected Wildlife, and 4 Species of birds are listed in the appendix of the CITES convention. There were 43 winter migrant species, 15 summer migrant species, 5 resident species and 4 passengers In terms of geographical distribution type, there were 44 Palaearctic species, 9 Oriental species and 14 Cosmopolitan species. Eutrophication is a water pollution phenomenon which is caused by the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients, and it leads to the change of aquatic community structure, especially water birds communities that feed on aquatic organisms. In order to find the relationship of eutrophication and water birds community characteristics, we investigated water birds at Chenhu Lake Nature Reserve by season from January 2010 to January 2013. Bird diversity in the Chenhu Lake and Zhangjiadahu Lake showed obvious seasonal change. The species diversity index was the highest in winter(12.19 and 9.89), and was the lowest in summer and winter (7.53 and 2.45). By analying the two Lakes of Chenhu wetland, we found that the eutrophication's indices of the Chenhu Lake and the Zhangjiadahu Lake were 64 and 78, respectively. The water birds species, water quantity and diversity of the Chenhu Lake were higher than those of the Zhangjiadahu Lake, and lake eutrophication would affect diversity of water birds. The species diversity of water birds and environment condition were compared between the Chenhu Lake and the Zhangjiadahu Lake. The result showed that the water birds diversity correlated negatively with the water quality and the eutrophication status, and we found that surrounding facilities construction of lake had serious influences on the water birds. Thus the over development and encroachment of wetlands should be prohibited, and it is urgent to improve the water quality and habitat diversity.

To clarify the relationship between the distribution of zooplankton and Coilia nasus larvae and juveniles feeding features in the surf zone of Yangtze River estuary, zooplankton and Coilia nasus larvae and juveniles were both collected at the 13 stations by a zooplankton net (30 cm mouth-diameter, 0.2 mm mesh-aperture) and a seine net (1 m×4 m, 1 mm mesh-aperture) during the spring tide from July to December 2006, respectively. During the study period, 78 zooplankton net hauls were made, 72 species of zooplankton were collected, 234 seine hauls were made, and 37 170 individiuls of Coilia nasus larvae and juveniles were caught. The average density was 158.85 individuals per haul. Through the stomach content analysis, 15 species of food organisms (11 species of zooplankton and 4 kinds of planktonic larvae) were observed. Among them, the number of Calanoida was the highest, accounting for 69.21% of the total; Cladocera accounted for 17.30%; the lowest was Gastropods larvae, only accounting for 0.14%. The average feeding density of Coilia nasus larvae and juveniles was 1.306 ind/ind. The average feeding density of larvae in preflexion stage was 0.195 ind/ind; larvae in flexion stage was 0.692 ind/ind; larvae in postflexion stage was 0.890 ind/ind; and juveniles was 4.697 ind/ind. The feeding density of Coilia nasus larvae and juveniles was higher at the middle and lower reaches than at the upstream of Yangtze River estuary. And the average empty gut rate of Coilia nasus larvae and juveniles was 63.70%. There was a strong negative correlation between empty gut rate and body length of Coilia nasus larvae and juveniles. All these results indicated that, larvae at pre-flexion stage with weak swimming ability chose to feed on Calanoida, Cyclopoida and Cladocera, such as Schmackeria poplesia, Sinocalanus sinensis and Bosmina coregoni. With their swimming ability improved in flexion stage, they fed on copepod larvae and Harpacticoida. Post-flexion stage larvae preferred to feed on copepod larvae and Acanthomysis longirostris. Juveniles also had a strong preference on Acanthomysis longirostris. The relativity analysis between the abundance of Coilia nasus larvae and juveniles and zooplankton showed that the temperature and salinity had small influence on the feed of larvae and juveniles; and the abundance of larvae and juveniles did not directly affected by the distribution of zooplankton, the correlation between them was not significant; the swimming ability was weak for larvae in preflexion stage, and their feeding affected by the density of zooplankton and the density of Coilia nasus of the integrated influence.

Transfer balance table was obtained through field investigation and summary by the department of land and resources management. It is of high accuracy on time interval and land classification, but now its intensive application is less in the study on land use change and prediction. The purposes of this study are to explore the application methods of transfer balance table and help information extraction and prediction of regional land use change.Land use transfer balance table can be regarded as land use transfer matrix. Based on the relationship between transfer matrix, transfer probability matrix and land use structure vector, we put forward a method which can derive the transfer balance table of years period with consecutive annual transfer balance table. Meanwhile, we propose the idea of analyzing land use order degree based on total land use dynamic degree. We discuss the method which can predict the land use structure of any year with consecutive annual transfer balance table. Because traditional forecasting method based on average transfer probability matrix has some drawbacks, we deduce prediction probability matrix by calculating the root of total transition probability matrix, and predict the land use structure in the future by using MARKOV theory.Using the above methods, in this paper we analyzed and predicted the land use structure of Suzhou City with annual transfer balance table between the year 1999 and 2008. The results showed that: First, as Suzhou City is in a period of rapid economic growth, the biggest feature of land use change is the transfer from cultivated land to various types of construction land, the whereabouts of the numerous reduction of cultivated land is the source of the increase of various types of construction land. Second, the total land use dynamic degree of the 10 year cycle was 15.66%, the sum of the annual total land use dynamic degree was 17.13%, the difference between the two was little, showing that the land use order degree was high in Suzhou City. Third, we predicted the land use structure of any year and the method above was proved to be feasible. The prediction results showed that by 2020, the trend of land use change was still the reduction of agricultural land and cultivated land and the increase of the total amount of construction land, but the rate of transformation will be gradually reduced. While urban land, town land, independent industrial and mining land will increase, rural residential land will be reduced year after year. The sources of construction land will gradually shift from extending to the periphery to improving the internal potential of construction land. Fourth, the prediction result is that the land use structure in Suzhou City will become stable by the year 2040, which is consistent with the prediction of the stage of economic and social development. The study is significant for the intensive applications of land use transfer balance table.

The Yangtze Delta is not only the most developed region of China, also one of the most urbanized regions in China. Although the quality of cultivated land is better than that of other regions, cultivated land problem is very serious in the context of the high speed economic development. In this paper, we took 16 cities in the Yangtze Delta as the research objects. The quantitative changes of cultivated land resources, land use intensity and land use pressure of cultivated lands were analyzed by using the data from 1990 to 2012. The results showed that: (1) During the period from the 1990s to the 2012s, the total and per capita cultivated area presented cyclical declines, represented as a " fast-slow-fast-slow-slow" mode in the Yangtze Delta. (2) The land use intensity indexes of cultivated land presented "high in the North and low in the South" pattern. With the increase of cultivated land's use intensity indexes in Zhejiang Province later, the original "high-high" and "low-low" structure was broken and space spots began to appear on the mosaic pattern; (3) As for the Yangtze Delia, population, the proportion of tertiary industry and urbanization played a significant role in arable land changes, elasticity coefficients were -0.216, -0.194, and -0.203, respectively. GDP per capita had no significant correlation with arable land area.

Urbanization is an important social and economic phenomenon. Since the 20th century, global urbanization has presented unprecedented scale and speed, especially in China. Spatiotemporal patterns of urban expansion, the salient features of urbanization process, have caused attention of Chinese government as well as scholars at home and abroad in different disciplines. The development mode of new-type urbanization in China is gradually changing, emphasizing the intensive and efficient development of urban lands, reflecting a change in thinking from the blind pursuit of rapid urbanization to high-quality development. According to the unbalanced regional development of China, promoting new-type urbanization needs to be suited to local conditions according to the different development characteristics of eastern, central and western regions, to allocate land resources rationally and efficiently, to realize intensive cluster development according to the timing, thus promoting urbanization transferring from land-oriented urbanization to human-oriented new-type urbanization. Existing academic research has revealed differences among the eastern, central and western regions. However, study on geographical space of urbanization process is relatively lacking. On the other hand, study on spatiotemporal urban expansion patterns has focused on the comprehensive technology integration such as Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) in spatiotemporal analysis of built-up land expansion. To date, comparative study of urban expansion for different regions is rare, most of which has put more attention on demographic urbanization than physical urbanization. Therefore, the comparative study of urban expansion for cities of similar scale deserves more attention. Based on the content of new urbanization and the "T" mode development strategy, we made a comparative study of urban expansion between three central cities along the Yangtze River (i.e., Nanjing, Wuhan and Chongqing) with RS data covering four time periods during 1980-2010, integrating GIS techniques and landscape ecology approaches. Indexes of urban expansion intensity, urban expansion types, urban expansion elasticity and some landscape metrics were used to quantify urban expansion characteristics and to cover the internal mechanisms. Results showed that: (1) During 1980-2010, urban expansion intensity obviously increased and showed a tendency of Nanjing > Wuhan > Chongqing; while the increasing rate of urban expansion intensity ranked as Chongqing > Wuhan > Nanjing since 2000. (2) For the urban expansion types, edge-expansion always played a dominant role in Nanjing; outlying and edge-expansion dominated Wuhan with 2000 as a divide; edge-expansion accounted for the largest area of Chongqing, but the outlying growth increased rapidly after 2000. (3) Dynamics of urban expansion elasticity suggested that urban expansion fell behind population urbanization in eastern China, while central and western China presented an inverse situation after 2000. (4) Landscape analysis corroborated that RS, GIS and landscape ecology approaches combined to uncover patterns and dynamics of urban expansion.

The spatial association rule is a basic method of spatial data mining, and it has been used in massive spatial data mining to find mutual interaction, spatial dependence, causal or symbiotic mode between spatial objects. Since land use/land cover change research has always been the pivotal frontier subject of global change research program, this study introduced spatial association rule technology into temporal and spatial characteristics research of land use change. Tonglu County was chosen as study area and its two typical land use change (the urban land transferred in; the arable land transferred out) from 2004 to 2009 was taken as the study cases. Combining the spatial calculation and spatial analysis functions of GIS, in this paper we first analyzed the general situation of Tonglu land-use area change and the process of urban land transferring in and arable land transferring out, by means of transition matrix of land use structure. Then classic spatial association rule algorithm (Apriori algorithm) was applied to dig out the spatial association rules between two typical land type changes and their surrounding adjacent land-type changes. The conclusions are as follows:(1) in Tonglu County, land use change showed significant non-agricultural trend, mainly due to its new urbanization process and idiomatical ecological construction. (2) Urban land development mainly depended on the transformation of arable land and rural settlements, both of which had high self-adjacent probability, demonstrating a concentrated and continuous expansion mode. Besides, urban land had obvious symbiosis relationship with construction land of transportation and water conservancy. (3) Arable land demonstrated a spatially continuous distribution feature when it comes to the same change type. Also it was likely to be driven or constrained by adjacent land type, especially forested lands and rural settlements. The application case demonstrates that spatial association rule mining gives quantitative analysis on the potential tendency of land types transformations and correlation regularity between land type changes under spatial adjacency circumstance, thus it can provide useful information for spatial and temporal characteristic research of land use change.

We investigated the fluctuation of soil salinity in an enclosed tideland located in the east of Chongming Island. The soil solution electrical conductivity has been monitored at the depth of 10 cm and 30 cm below the ground for 5 years (from 2009 to 2013). The results are as follow: 1) annual fluctuation of soil salinity showed that there was a large yearly fluctuation of soil salinity. The annual average salinity at the 10 cm depth decreased by 8.31% each year during the last 5 years. At the 30 cm depth, the annual average salinity decreased by 6.06% each year during the first 4 years whereas the annual average salinity has significantly increased by 16.34% in the last year. The soil salinity at the 10 cm depth was significantly lower than the soil salinity at the 30 cm depth and the difference between them has increased with years. 2) The seasonal fluctuation showed that there was a significant difference among seasons every year. In general, the soil salinity tended to increase in spring, summer and autumn, then decrease in winter. This tendency resulted in the peak of soil salinity in autumn and the bottom of soil salinity in winter. Especially, the soil salinity at the 30 cm depth rose to the maximum among those five years in the autumn of 2013. Furthermore, the soil salinity in spring and summer at the 10 cm depth has decreased year by year while only the soil salinity in spring at the 30 cm depth has declined in the same patterns. 3) The daily fluctuation showed that the soil salinity at 10 cm depth has changed more intensively than the soil salinity at the 30 cm depth. The soil salinity at 30 cm depth appeared a time lag of daily minimum and maximum compared with the soil salinity at 10 cm depth. In conclusion, the topsoil salinity of our monitoring area tended to decrease to some extent every year after it had been diked. However, the phenomenon of severe salt accumulation could occur in autumn by the influence of seasonal climate. It implied that the salinity of the water table could still be high and it had better to take some measures in autumn to prevent the salt in the lower soil layer moving up.

Nitrogen cycle system is an important part of the material recycling of ecosystem and plays an important role in the ecological balance and the sustainable development of the human environment. Beach wetland is the transitional zone between land and marine ecosystems and is the buffer responding to the environmental change. It not only has an important function in absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients, but also plays a significant role in transformation and retention of those nutrients. However, with the recent rapid development of industry and agriculture, and the expanding coastal beach reclamation and heavy use of nitrogen fertilizer, the tidal wetland ecosystem has been destroyed to some extent. It's a serious threat to the nitrogen cycle system and to the ecological balance. Therefore, it's necessary to do some research in nitrogen transformation and transformation law after beach reclamation. In this paper we sampled over the beach wetlands of different reclamation ages. The selected reclamation ages are 0 a, 3 a, 6 a, 17 a, 30 a and 60 a. After samplings, we had experiments over these soils and then obtained corresponding gross nitrogen transformation rates. The results showed that the indicators representing nitrogen activations such as gross mineralization, nitrification, net mineralization and net nitrification rates accelerated after reclamation, while the ammonium assimilation rate that was beneficial to nitrogen retention had no significant change and the nitrate assimilation rate slowed down. All the nitrogen transformation rates became stabilized after the reclamation year 30 a. The correlation analysis showed that, the degree of correlation between soil gross nitrogen transformation rates and reclamation age was net mineralization> gross mineralization> ammonium assimilation > net nitrification> gross nitrification> nitrate assimilation (p<0.01). Among them, the soil gross mineralization rate, gross nitrification rate, ammonium assimilation rate, net mineralization, and net nitrification rate had significantly positive correlations with reclamation age. The correlation coefficients were 0.929, 0.798, 0.819, 0.966 and 0.800, respectively. However, the nitrate assimilation rate had a significantly negative correlation with reclamation age, and the correlation coefficient was -0.685. We also find that the total nitrogen, nitrate, pH and organic carbon had significantly correlation with gross nitrogen transformation rates (p<0.01), while the ammonium's correlation with gross nitrogen transformation rates was not so obvious (p<0.01).The beach reclamation brings changes over soil properties such as total nitrogen, nitrate, pH, organic carbon factors and so on. Then, these changes bring diversifications over various gross nitrogen transformation rates such as gross mineralization, nitrification, ammonium assimilation rate, nitrate assimilation rate and so on. However, all the changes will cause the nitrogen loss and simultaneously destruct the soil nitrogen ecosystem balance. Beach reclamation process is one of the factors leading eutrophication of coastal water. Therefore, it's necessary to respect and comply with soil nitrogen cycling and transformation law when we try to utilize them.

Under the background of the new urbanization and ecological civilization construction, urban development is an urgent need to layout properly to achieve the economical and intensive use of urban space, reducing the impact of the waste of land resources and ecological destruction due to disorderly expansion of construction land in the process of urbanization. In this paper, the area of Wujin District, Changzhou City was taken as an example to conduct a case study. A system of resistance assignment was established from four aspects including landforms and landscape conditions, ecological environment quality, transport facilities layout, and building density. To consider the vertical ecological processes, we used spatial analysis to obtain the resistance datum of the ecological protection land expansion and urban land expansion based on the integrated multi-factor multivariate discriminant model, and then with a minimum cumulative resistance model adopted respectively to describe the ecological sustainability of the horizontal ecological processes. Then, based on the minimum cumulative resistance difference threshold between the two expansion process surface, the urban land ecological suitability of Wujin District was classified into four zones as ecological control zone, ecological buffer zone, suitable construction zone, priority construction zone with areas of 115.90 km², 777.91 km², 233.60 km², and 118.39 km², respectively. We demonstrated the spatial layout of the four partitions, and proposed corresponding development strategies. Priority construction zone could priority as urbanization development areas, in order to achieve the highest efficiency in the use of land; suitable construction zone could be a supplement to the priority construction zone, while playing back-up resources by focusing on the development potential of land consolidation area; ecological buffer zone should be maintained rivers, woodlands and other high-quality agricultural and ecological landscape types, so as to play a role of important ecological functions; ecological control zone should control the urbanization construction and development activities, maintaining and controlling the ecological security baseline of Wujin District. All these suggestions provide scientific and rational spatial layout reference for future urban development in Wujin District. The traditional methods normally only considered a single one from the ecological sustainability of the horizontal process or vertical ecological process, the integrated method developed in this study offers beneficial attempt and supplement for division of urban land ecological suitability zoning.

Lake-land ecotone is a main type of ecological ecotone, which has an important role in reducing water on soil erosion degree, water conservation and water quality improvement and providing habitats for different creatures. In the Lake-land ecotone, human activities have a significant effect. Unreasonable way of production and living and land use, will destroy the ecosystem stability of the Lake-land ecotone, to make the ecological environment of itself and the affected area become fragile. Regarding the chaohu Lake-land ecotone as the research object, with the aid of remote sensing technology, we extracted land use data of the four periods in the study area. Based on the results of ecosystem service value research of Constanza, Xie gaodi and other scholars, we measured the value of ecosystem services in the study area, and used GIS spatial analysis and improved moving window method to study the ecological service value gradient change. Six windows were divided from the study area base on the land use data extract from remote sensing images in 1995, 2000, 2007 and 2013, which were 0-500 m, 500-1 000 m, 1 000-1 500 m, 1 500-2 000 m, 2 000-2 500 m and 2 500-3 000 m. We analyzed the gradient change of ecosystem service value among the different windows based on an improved moving window method. Results showed: (1) Cultivated land, forested land and water area make significant contribution to the ecosystem services value of the Chaohu lake-land ecotone. The contribution rate of various land use type had a consistent changing trend in different periods, and always had 1 or 2 land use types contributing significantly in every sub buffers. (2) The ecological service value of each window maintained a steady state from 1995 to 2013 except that suffer zone 1 to suffer zone 2 had a large change. (3) From 1995 to 2103, ecological service value of the buffer of suffer zone 1 was always highest one and the outermost sub buffer of suffer zone 6 had been at the medium level, the middle two at low levels, and suffer zone 5 & 6 from low level to mid-range excessive steadily. (4)A significant correlation between the contribution of forest land and waters ecological service value and the far of Chaohu water-land boundary, show that forest land and waters have obvious impact on the ecological service value in the study area.

The influencing factors of flood disaster resilience are numerous and interconnected. To identify and distinguish these influencing factors, and find the degree of influence and causality among the factors is of great significance to clarify the key factors of flood disaster resilience, and to quickly find the factors that need to be improved. Through the analysis of the connotation of resilience of disaster, we constructed an index system of influencing factors of regional flood disaster resilience from five dimensions of nature, society, economy, technology, management. We appled DEMATEL to analyze the relationship among the influencing factors of flood disaster resilience, and took Chaohu Basin as a case to refine the index system suitable for evaluation of this regional flood disaster resilience.The results showed that, the influence of natural dimension and economic dimension in the first level indexes have the most significant influence on the other factors, government financial support ability, land factor, terrain factor in the second level indexes have the largest influence on the other factors; in first level indexes the relationship between economy,society and other factors are the most close, and in second level indexes government financial support ability, strength of regional economy, land factor are in the core position; from output of the overall impact, there are two causal factors in first level indexes-nature, economy, and economic impact is of maximum, there are eleven causal factors in the second level indexes, involving five dimensions and including all factors in natural dimension, and the impacts of terrain factor, government financial support ability, disaster policies and regulations are the most important, the other three factors in first level indexes are reason-oriented factors, including management, social, technology, there are twelve factors belonging to reason-oriented factors, giving priority to the factors in management dimension, compared with causal factors, they can improve the level of regional flood disaster resilience by improving the reason-oriented factors more directly.

The problem of vulnerability, sensitivity and adaptive capacity of ecosystem attracts more and more attention in the field of ecology and environment due to the global change and urbanization. Understanding the sensitivity degree of the ecological system to land use change is important to scientific and reasonable land use management. Taking one of the Central China Economic Zone-Anhui Province as an example, we constructed the mechanism of ecological sensitivity analysis to land use change under the vulnerability concept framework. By using the concept of elasticity, we established an ecological sensitivity index model. Finally, with the Land use change data of Anhui Province in 2002-2011, we studied the temporal and spatial regulation about the responsive degree of the ecosystem under the land use change of Anhui Province. The results show that: (1) From 2002 to 2013, the comprehensive land use intensity of Anhui Province increased from 2.26 to 2.49. Meanwhile, the ecological service value has decreased from 2 840 billion Yuan to 2 750 billion Yuan, and a strong negative correlation was observed between comprehensive land use intensity and the ecological service value. This correlation can also be found in the other 17 municipalities in Anhui Province. (2) In different periods, most areas in Anhui Province were insensitive or low sensitive, and only a few of areas had moderate sensitivity, severe sensitivity or extreme sensitivity. It suggested the present urbanization speed and intensity were not strongly influenced by the whole ecosystem of Anhui province. (3) From the spatial and temporal characteristics, there were 16 low sensitive or insensitive municipalities(92.97% of the total Anhui province area) in 2003 in Anhui Province, but it reduced to 12 municipalities(67.06% of the total Anhui province area)in 2011. Low sensitive and insensitive ares of Anhui Province has decreased, while sensitive areas has increased, and the extremely sensitive area has appeared. It indicates that the human activities have caused certain effect on the ecosystem. The results can provide scientific basis to adopt different modes of land use in different regions, and it will be helpful to achieve the sustainability of land use.

Based on the remote sensing data of the Nanming River watershed in Guiyang City in 1990, 2000 and 2013, using multi-scale spatial analysis, we quantitativelyinvestigated the temporal and spatial characteristics of ecosystem service of the Nanming River watershed. Meanwhile, the changes of ecosystem service values caused by the urban development of Karst area were further revealed. The results showed that from 1990 to 2013, the value of ecosystem service in the Nanming River watershed increased by 687 million Yuan and the value of forest ecosystem service was also increased, while the change of the farmland and construction caused the loss of ecosystem service values. At the same time, a trend toward spatial clustering of ecosystem services values was enhanced: the "hot" areas were mainly concentrated in the middle and downstream areas of the watershed; while the "cold" areas were mainly concentrated in the middle reaches. In addition, the spatial autocorrelation of ecosystem services value showed significant scale effects: the value of spatial autocorrelation of ecosystem services gradually increased as the scale of the studies increased. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the values of ecosystem services in the study area were lacking of flexibility. The forest land area had the largest contribution to the values of the ecosystem services of the study area. With the accelerated urbanization, the influence of construction land to the total ecosystem services value was increased.

Assessment of ecosystem services is the basis of scientific ecosystem management and sustainable use of natural resources. Today, ecosystem services assessment has become a hot spot in the fields of ecology and ecological economics. Soil conservation service, as one of the most important regulating services provided by ecosystems, guarantees the ecological security and sustainable development of a region. The ecosystem function of the soil conservation was analyzed in the southern hilly and mountainous area in this paper, based on the ecosystem type data of 2000, 2005 and 2010, and the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), with the support of RS and GIS. The results showed that: The total amount of soil conservation presented an upward trend and increased by 76.79×10⁷ t during 2000-2010, and forest, shrub, wetland ecosystem were the main contributors (total ratios were 2.29%, 82.59% and 80.58% in 2000, 2005 and 2010, respectively). Total amount of soil conservation had a significant difference among different ecosystem types with a decreasing order: forestland > shrub > farmland > grassland > wetland > artificial surface > sparsely, While the capacity of soil conservation had a significant difference among different ecosystem types with a decreasing order: wetland > grassland > shrub > forestland > farmland > artificial surface > sparsely; The total economic value of soil conservation function had increased by 270.34×10⁸ Yuan, in which the main type was the economic values of maintaining soil fertility; The main change of economic value of soil conservation function presented a slight increase, and the area where value had increased and its range were more than the decreased and its range. To rationally increase the vegetation coverage through reliable ecosystem management based on local conditions would make good effect in preventing soil erosion and maintaining soil nutrient in the region. However, the soil conservation functions of ecosystems in the region were only one contribution of the overall ecosystem services provided by them. The economic value of other ecosystem services together may be far higher. Therefore we concluded that the total economic value of ecosystem services must be a quite substantial contribution to the human welfare in the local areas analyzed. In addition, it was impossible to replace them by man-made ways. With this work we hoped to contribute to the conservation of soil of the region and the restoration of ecosystem services of soils in the region.

Rainfall erosivity is one of the most important factors influencing riverine sediment load. However, riverine sediment load in response to rainfall erosivity change is not well understood in the upper Yangtze Basin. Based on the annual sediment load and daily rainfall data from 1956 to 2010 in the upper Yangtze Basin, we presented a quantitative estimate of changes in riverine sediment load in response to basin rainfall erosivity in the study area. The turning point of each subbasin was determined using double-mass curve and the critical years for subbasins of Jinsha, Min, Jialing, Wu and the upper Yangtze are 1999, 1993, 1985, 1984, and 1991 respectively. The effects of the basin rainfall erosivity change on the riverine sediment load were studied using linear regression analysis, and the contribution rates were estimated subbasin by subbasin. The result indicated that annual rainfall erosivity was relatively lower in the upper Yangtze Basin, with a value of 3 006 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a), and there were great differences between the subbasins, the maximum of 5 055 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a) appeared in the Wu subbasin, and the minimum of 1 560 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a) in the Jinsha subbasin was less than one third of that in the Wu subbasin. The extremes ratios were sequenced as Jialing subbasin, Min subbasin, Wu subbasin, Jinsha subbasin. The annual sediment load was trending downward from 1956 to 2010 both in the upper Yangtze Basin and the subbasins, especially in the upper Yangtze Basin and Jialing subbasin where proved to has decreased dramatically. The upper Yangtze basin had an annual sediment load of 428 million tons, while subbasins of Jinsha, Min, Jialing and Wu varied in annual sediment load of 239 million t, 45 million t, 104 million t and 24 million t respectively. The contribution rate of rainfall erosivity on the sediment load variation in the upper Yangtze basin was 7%, and 36%, 20%, 9% for Min, Jialing, and Wu subbasins, respectively. But the increased rainfall erosivity of Jinsha subbasin did not decrease sediment load, therefore, it can be concluded that the decrease of sediment load of Jinsha subbasin was not mainly caused by rainfall. Generally speaking, rainfall has less influence on the sediment load change in the upper Yangtze than that of human activities.

Based on the general meteorological data recorded by 14 stations from 1964 to 2013 in the Three-River Source Area, the spatial and temporal variation and trend of evaporation were analyzed using linear trend estimation and Mann-Kendall abrupt change test, and the causes of increasing evaporation were analyzed by the full correlation analysis. The results showed that the annual evaporation was increasing significantly in Three-River Source Area, and the linear change rate was 30.1 mm/10 a. The change of evaporation in summer, fall and winter was significant. The evaporation in summer and fall contributed to annual evaporation mainly. The monthly evaporation was generally increasing, but the rate different. The winter evaporation was changing abruptly in 2011. The other seasons and annual changing were not abrupt. The monthly evaporation was not significant, distributing double peaks, and peaks appeared in May and July, the minimum was in January. Seasonal change was obvious. The max evaporation was present in summer, secondly in spring and fall, minimum in winter. That showed evaporation in spring and summer played an important role on hydrologic cycle in Three-River Source Area. Annual and seasonal evaporation showed the northwest was less, the southeast and northeast was more. Climate change rate increased from west to east. The change of annual evaporation was not acute, the rates were increasing from northwest to southeast. The rates of seasonal evaporation distributed differently in space. Annual evaporation was positively correlated with average temperature, but had negative correlations with daily range of temperature and relative humidity. The main reasons of evaporation decline are the rise of average temperature, and the decline of daily range of temperature and relative humidity.