Abstract: In order to understand the current situation of ecological environment and sustainable development ability of Hunan Province，based on the application of improved traditional ecological footprint model and the statistical data of Hunan Province in 2015 ,this paper calculates and analyzes the emergy ecological deficit of Hunan Province in 2015. The research result indicates that, in 2015, the emergy ecological capacity is 9.90×108 hm2，The emergy ecological footprint is 1.84×109 hm2，and the ecological deficit is 8.49×108  hm2 and the 10,000 yuan GDP’s ecological footprint is 6.36  hm2 . The analysis result shows that Hunan Province has a large ecological deficit in 2015, and its development is relatively unsustainable, and its dependence on natural resources and energy is relatively high. Among them, arable land and fossil energy land are the greatest contribution factors to the ecological footprint of Hunan Province. Construction land is in the second place. The effects of water area, grassland and woodland are relatively small. The ecological footprint of the 10,000 yuan GDP in Hunan Province in 2015 is continuously decreasing, which demonstrates that the efficiency of Hunan Province’s utilization of resources and energy is gradually improving, and the ecological costs of economic development are gradually decreasing.