Abstract: To explore the effects of different fertilization treatments on soil physical properties and soil anti-erodibility under red upland soil, long-term location fertilization test plots as the research object, the soil physical and chemical properties were measured, and selected of 10 indicators such as bulk density, water content, content of soil organic matters, mean weight diameter of water stable aggregate, water stable aggregate (bigger than 0.25 mm), dispersion rate, agglomeration degree, structural failure rate, erodibility index and corrosion resistance index, used principal component analysis to study the soil anti-erodibility of five treatments. Five treatments were included as follows: CK (weeds land), T1 (unfertilized control), T2 (farmyard manure), T3 (NPK fertilizer) and T4 (NPK fertilizer and wheat straw). The results were as follows: 1) After reclamation, the soil bulk density decreased evidently, the soil porosity and water content increased; compared with unfertilized control, the role of fertilization in increasing soil organic matter content and improving soil physical properties was more pronounced. 2) The two major indexes affecting soil anti-erodibility were water stable aggregate (bigger than 0.25 mm) and structural failure rate. 3) The principal component analysis composite indexes showed that the order of soil anti-erodibility in different treatments was: T2>CK>T3> T4>T1. After reclaiming weeds land, the cultivation will decrease the soil anti-erodibility, but the fertilization can obviously increase soil anti-erodibility, and the farmyard manure was most obvious. The research results can provide evidence for the sustainable development of agro-ecosystems in the region and soil and water conservation research.