Abstract: Based on the data of chemical fertilizer application intensity and recommended amount of formula fertilizer, the paper used environmental risk assessment model to evaluate the environmental risk of chemical fertilizer application of three major food crops in 2016 in China. The results showed that: (1) The phenomenon of chemical fertilizer over-application existed generally in three major food crops in China, and there was a significant difference in the degree of excessive application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash between different regions. The spatial scope and degree of excessive application of chemical fertilizer of wheat and maize were higher than that of rice on the whole. (2) The environmental risk of chemical fertilizer application among three major food crops demonstrated significant different patterns of spatial distribution in China, and the regions which were at the same risk level showed certain spatial proximity. (3) The environmental risk of chemical fertilizer application for three major food crops in China was generally low, but the environmental risk of wheat planting in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Jiangsu and maize planting in Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Hubei had reached a moderate or severe risk level, which should be the focus of attention. Targeting at the current problems of chemical fertilizer over-application in China, the government should speed up the popularization and application of formula fertilizer for three major food crops, introduce policies and measures to encourage enterprises to produce formula fertilizer according to large formula, guide enterprises to sell the formula fertilizer in suitable areas, formulate subsidies policies to improve farmers' enthusiasm for selecting formula fertilizer, and carry out scientific guidance and technical services to improve farmers' scientific fertilization ability and cognitive level.