Abstract: High-quality development is a strategic initiative and basic path to solve the contradictory problems of regional development and resource-environment carrying capacity. Reconstructing the index system of regional development and resource-environment carrying capacity, with the help of coupled and coordinated development type analysis framework, using CRITIC-EWM combination weighting method, coupled and coordinated degree model, MCO and other methods, coupled and coordinated degree model, Markov chain and other methods, we analyzed the spatial and temporal patterns, simultaneous development, coupled and coordinated characteristics and development types of regional development and resource-environment carrying capacity of Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2010 to 2018. The results show that: (1) Regional development and resource-environment carrying capacity are mainly driven by sharing and resource-environment governance capabilities; the spatial match between them is high, with “double synchronization” and “lagging carrying capacity” types predominating in the downstream, and “lagging development” and “double lagging” types in the middle and upper reaches, respectively. (2) The degree of coupling coordination is rising at a low level, with spatial diffusion and concentration in upstream and downstream, and in midstream and upstream respectively; the grade evolution shows stable characteristics, and it is difficult to achieve leapfrog transfer, with active grade transformation in downstream and midstream cities, and the phenomenon of “club convergence” in upstream cities. (3) Based on the analytical framework, cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt are classified into 20 types of coupled and coordinated development in terms of dynamic factors, relative and absolute development levels. It is suggested that in the future, effectiveness, innovativeness, and resource-environment utilization efficiency are important grips to adopt regulatory instruments and policies to help promote high-quality development according to local conditions.