Abstract: It is necessary to understand the spatial variation characteristics of cropland soil organic carbon and its influencing factors for the purpose of enhancing soil carbon sequestration ability and improving cropland soil quality. Based on 4 362 surface (0~20 cm) soil sample points collected during 2017-2019, this study explored the spatial distribution pattern of cropland topsoil organic carbon content in the Sichuan Basin of China using geostatistical methods, and then revealed the influence of climate, topography, soil type, agricultural land-use type and nitrogen application intensity on the spatial heterogeneity of topsoil organic carbon content by correlation analysis, variance analysis and regression analysis. The results showed that the average of topsoil organic carbon content in the study area ranged from 1.58 to 42.40 g·kg^-1, with an average of 13.85 g·kg^-1, which was slightly lower than the national average level; the coefficient of variation was 45.82%, with moderate spatial variability. The semi-variance analysis showed that exponential model was the best theoretical model of cropland topsoil organic carbon in the study area, with the nugget effect of 59.73% and the range of 145 km, which indicating that the spatial distribution of cropland topsoil organic carbon has large autocorrelation range and was determined by both structural and random factors. The results of spatial interpolation showed that the cropland topsoil organic carbon content in the Sichuan Basin generally showed a patchy distribution pattern, with the cropland topsoil organic carbon content being lower in the middle of the basin and higher in peripheral areas. Soil type was identified to be the primary factor affecting the spatial distribution of cropland topsoil organic carbon in the study area, followed by agricultural land-use type, climate and topography, which can explain 19.7%, 14.0%,12.0% and 9.2%, respectively, of spatial variability of topsoil organic carbon. Therefore, it is concluded that the regulation of farmland use type is the key to realizing the increase in cropland topsoil carbon sequestration in this region, while the impacts of soil type, climate and topography should be also fully considered.