The nomenclature of standard geographical units for spatial is the base of territorial spatial planning on comprehensive evaluation of land and space.In order to provide better unit service for territorial spatial planning, this study proposed territorial spatial standard (NUTSP) for the situation of territorial planning at the provincial level in China based on the European Union NUTS, built classification principle, basis and technical route of the standard geographical units, and discussed concrete implementation way of classifying the provincial standard territorial spatial scales combined with hunan province. The results of the study show that, according to NUTSP division principles and methods, combining with different regions of the topographic and geomorphic features, differences in resource endowments, social economic development and comprehensive physical regionalization of convergence of Hunan Provincial, the appropriate merger and split of existing 122 county-level administrative divisions were carried outto. 135 national standard geographical units of Hunan province were redesigned. It can provide better choice to units of territorial planning services, and will greatly convenient all over the country "the unity of" more rules space planning system into practice.

By selecting altogether 60 national water conservancy scenic spots in the city clusters along the middle reaches of the Yangtze River as the research object, this paper conducted a thorough analysis on the spatial structure features of regional water conservancy tourism resources with the adoption of spatial analysis methods including the K-Nearest Neighbors algorithm, Voronoi polygon area coefficient of variation, kernel density analysis and map layer overlapping analysis, and spatial analysis tools such as GIS. Moreover, the relationship between the spatial distribution of water conservancy scenic spot and factors was also explained in this dissertation. Through a detailed analysis of the aforementioned contents, this paper calculated the transport accessibility that each water conservancy scenic spot showed against its respective prefectural city on the basis of Google Earth results. It concludes that: though distributed randomly and uniformly, these water conservancy scenic spots were showing a trend of aggregated distribution; the aggregated distribution was manifested as three high-density aggregation circles, three low-density aggregation circles and one vacuum zone; the spatial distribution of scenic area of water conservancy was largely affected by its resource endowment, transport location and policy support; the average transport time from prefectural city to its corresponding water conservancy scenic spot was 212.15 minutes so that most of them showed a low level of accessibility; it took less time to travel from prefectural cities in Hunan Province to all the water conservancy scenic spots than those in Jiangxi and Hubei Province.

A study was conducted on the phytoplankton community structure and the annual variation of species diversity in DaYangshan sea area in 2012. A total of 141 phytoplankton species, belonging to 6 phyla and 62 genera, were identified. Bacillariophyta, including 43genera and 110 species which accounted for 78.01% of species richness, was the main phytoplankton group. The annual average cell abundance of phytoplankton was (37.86±39.79)×10⁴cell/L. Skeletonema costatum and Paralia sulcata were the main dominant species through the year, while Thalassiosira leptopus, Nitzschia frustulum and Cyclotella meneghiniana were the common species. Based on analysis of diversity, the annual average values of Shannon-Wiener index, Margalef index and Pielous index were 2.83±1.21, 2.59±0.97 and 0.45±0.19, respectively. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that suspended solids concentration, salinity, water temperature and dissolved oxygen were the main environmental factors playing great influences on phytoplankton.

The development and utilization of wind energy resources is one of the important measures of energy development strategy and power structure adjustment in China. Compared with onshore wind, offshore wind farm has many advantages, such as saving land resources, higher wind speed, higher utilization rate of wind power, and no more complex terrain to affect air flow, which makes it become the forefront of wind power technology development and industry competition in China. However, many scholars have focused on the analysis of onshore wind energy resources, and there is few studies regarding to the offshore wind resources due to a relative lack of observation data. Based on the observation data from two anemometer towers in the coastal waters of Nanhui and Fengxian, the characteristics of low-level wind, including wind shear exponent, gustiness factor and turbulence intensity in Shanghai offshore, were analyzed with numerical statistical methods. The results indicate that wind shear exponent from 10 m to 70 m is about 0.09, and gustiness factor from 10 m to 70 m is about 1.20 in Shanghai offshore. Both wind shear exponent and gustiness factor are less than the recommended values of Load Code for the Design of Building Structures. With the increase of wind speed, both wind shear exponent and gustiness factor have decreasing trends. When the wind scale is in grade 4 or above, the wind shear exponent has a good reliability, the gustiness factor changes small and the turbulence intensity remains basically unchanged. Offshore gustiness factor and turbulence intensity decrease with the increase of height, and they are stable in the heights from 40 m to 70 m. The findings from this paper can provide scientific basis and reference for wind resource assessment, major engineering design and construction over Shanghai offshore as well as the regional disaster prevention and mitigation practice.

Land use changes and its transformation have been quantitatively analyzed in coastal area of Yancheng city, using land use transfer matrix and landscape pattern index based on remote sensing data and land use data under the support of GIS and RS technology. The results showed as follows. Firstly, the land use types in Yancheng coastal zone are the cultivated land, construction land and water area from 2000 to 2010. The cultivated land is the dominant type, which accounts for more than 78% of the total area and is the basic local landscape type, although it has gradually declined in recent years. Secondly, coastal landscape tends to fragmentation, and regional landscape pattern is more complicated, decentralized and diversified. Thirdly, the landscape level index in northern area is higher than that in the central and southern part. Fourth, the main driving forces leading to the changes of landscape patterns and regional differences in the coastal zone are natural geographical conditions, the comparative advantage of land use, and the level of economic development. With the increasing of tidal flat reclamation, port development, and other human interference, the conflict between ecological environment protection and economic development will be more and more serious. Therefore, this study on the spatial-temporal variation of land use on landscape patterns will benefit to the sustainable development of coastal zone.

Frequent wetting and drying processes increase the dynamic regulation functions of soil water in the Poyang Lake wetlands. In this study, the soil textures and associated soil-water characteristic parameters were investigated using field sampling and laboratory testing in a typical wetland section at Wucheng, northern Poyang Lake. The main objectives of this paper are to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of the soil textures and water characteristic parameters in the wetland. Field investigations show that the wetland section has three different soil textures, including sand, silt sand and loam. The sand and silt sand primarily distribute at the high elevation of the wetland section, and the loam distributes at the low elevation area adjacent to the open lake water. This spatial pattern is likely to attribute to the highly dynamic water level variations due to the combined effects of local catchment rivers and the Yangtze River. The soil textures exhibit obviously spatial heterogeneity in this typical wetland section in both the horizontal and vertical directions. In addition, the van Genuchten model has the ability to capture the relationship between the soil water content and soil pressure head, and the correlation coefficient can reach up to 0.99. The saturated water content θ_s for different soil textures varies from 42% to 57%, and the residual water content θ_r varies between around 9% and 19%. The fitting values of α and n in van Genuchten model are around 0.01 cm^-1 and 3.2, respectively. These results demonstrate that soil textures play an important role in soil water storage and water transport processes. Sensitivity results further indicate that the variations of soil water content are more sensitive to the values of α and n than to those of the θ_r and θ_s. The outcomes of this study will not only provide background information relating to the soil water for the future model development of Poyang Lake wetland, but also make better understanding the ecological environment changes of the lake and its wetland and how these evolve along with the water regime changes. Our study produces a first step to bridge a major gap of soil investigation in the wetland, making it possible to better understand the soil physics, chemistry and nutrient transport within the lake wetland.

Oncomelania hupensis snail is the unique intermediate parasite of schistosomiasoma. The epidemic extent and severity of schistosomiasis depend on its spatial distribution, whose spatial auto-relation, like other geographic factors has obvious scale effects. An experimental field in a typical subtype embankment marshland of the Marshland Schistosomiasis Epidemic Area in China was selected as study subject . A push-broom whole-covered method was adopted to survey the snail count within a 50m^*50m field in the Chayegang marshland near Henghu farm in the Poyang Lake region. Universal spatial auto-relation Moran's I, local spatial auto-relation Moran scatter plot figure and local spatial auto-relation Moran's I were used to study the sample unit size effects of spatial auto-relation of snails. The results showed the universal spatial auto-relation Moran's I was of highly significant positive spatial auto-relation (P<0.001) at all sample unit sizes. The local spatial auto-relation Moran scatter plot figures revealed the snail samples concentrateed on the first and third quadrants, indicating the snail in the experimental field had tendency of spatial aggregation. The results of the local spatial auto-relation Moran's I showed the snail samples in the upper parts and the bottom parts of the experimental field were of significant positive spatial auto-relation (α=0.01), and the spatial auto-relation of the snail samples in the other parts of the experimental field was not significant. The smaller the unit size, the more subtle is the presentation of spatial auto-relation of individual snail sample, and the better is the presentation of instability of spatial auto-relation, denoting the universal spatial auto-relation Moran's I could hide substantial existence of inconsistence of local spatial auto-relation Moran's I with universal spatial auto-relation Moran's I.

This study is aimed to investigate the community structure of macrozoobenthos and assess the water quality status of Lake Xiannv in Jiangxi, one of the Chinese lakes with good water quality, and to provide the reference for the aquatic environmental protection in this important ecological function zone. The annual dynamics of macrozoobenthos community was studied in the Xiannv Lake and the main inflowing rivers (Yuanhe River, Yangqiao River, Xinzhi River, Yuankeng Stream and Jiulong River) from May, 2014 to May, 2015. In total, 116 taxa belonging to 3 phyla, 55 families and 78 genera were identified. Totally, 43 taxa belong to mollusca, 62 taxa belong to arthropoda, and 10 taxa belong to annelida. The dominant species were Tubifex sinicus, Bellamya purificata, Corbicula fluminea, Neocaridina denticulate, Tendipesplumosus sp., Pelopia sp., Procladius sp. and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. The annual average density and biomass of macrozoobenthos was 346 ind./m² and 54.26 g/m² in Lake Xiannv, respectively. There was a significant difference in density and biomass among both different seasons and areas (P<0.05). Using Simpson's diversity index, water quality in different areas was assessed, which showed that inflowing rivers and Lake Qianyang, the upstream lake zone of Xiannv Lake, was slightly polluted and Lake Wulong, the downstream one, was moderately polluted. The results of cluster analysis and MDS showed that the distribution of macrobenthos had obvious environment and spatial heterogeneity, and 2 station groups were divided．

Based on the method of spatial analysis, this paper takes urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River as a case to analyze the spatial pattern and accessibility of the forest parks and compare the difference between different levels of forest parks. The results show that the distribution of the forest parks in urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River is a style of agglomeration, with dense in the east and sparse in the west. The distribution of the national forest parks is a style of random, but the distribution of the provincial forest parks is a style of agglomeration. Accessibility of the forest parks in urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River is good. The average accessibility is about 38.84 min. And then, the distribution of the accessibility coincides with traffic lines. Accessibility of the provincial forest parks is better than that of the national forest parks. The holistic accessibility at the county level shows positive correlation. Distribution of hot spots regarding the accessibility of the forest parks shows a hot spots-sub-hot spots-sub-cold spots-cold spots distribution pattern from east to west, similar with the distribution of hot spots regarding the accessibility of the provincial forest parks. However, distribution of hot spots regarding the accessibility of the national forest parks is random. On this basis, some measures have been proposed to provide the basis for the development of forest tourism in urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.

Because of the Three Gorges reservoir, the hydrological and ecological system in the middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River has changed significantly, which leaded to four major Chinese carps spawning suitability decreased and reproductive migratory fish like Acipenser sinensis eggs hatching rate decreased. The construction of artificial reef is an important measure to alleviate the decline of the Yangtze River fishery resources, protect the species diversity and maintain the sustainable development of the Yangtze River fisheries. Based on the flume experiment, the revetment blocks combined with the hollow hexahedron artificial reefs were installed in the river slope, which constituted the reeftype ecological revetment. Through the measurement and analysis of the hydraulic characteristics around reefs like water line and flow velocity, the fish spawning field hydraulic factors were developed. The results show that the flow velocity around the hollow artificial reefs maintained between 0.84m/s and 1m/s, which is in the most appropriate spawning flow rate of four major Chinese carps. Due to the existence of artificial reefs, the flow velocity gradient around bank increased and some complex flow regime included upwelling and wake vortices produced. These hydraulic factors also stimulated the mating activity of four major Chinese carps, and increased the amount of fish.

Green development is a new sustainable development concept, which emphasizes the equal and harmonious development between human and nature. The green development of island tourism is benefit to keep ocean and forest ecosystems healthy, reduce pressure on resource and environment from tourism. We studied the ecological compensation on green development of island tourism through marine fisheries' eco-label schemes, payments for ecosystem services and market-replacement methods. The ecological compensation of the tourism carbon increment emissions depended on the polluter pays principle, and the environmentally friendly seafood was mainly on basis of the principle of protector getting compensation. Meanwhile, the ecological compensation of the payments for ecosystem services was mainly on the basis of the beneficiary pays principle. Specifically, according to the data from questionnaire and interview in Putuo Golden Triangle, Zhoushan City, we evaluated the ecological compensation standards of green development of island tourism in the base year of 2013. The results were as follows. The green development of island tourism could obtain 6.53×10⁸ RMB as the ecological compensation funds. The tourists should undertake 110.43 RMB per person-time.

High-resolution nutrient elements enrichment characteristics for modern lake sediments (last 50-100 years) are essential for quantitative paleoclimate research. CB-1 core (91cm) of Chiba Lake in Jingjiang section of the Yangtze River was selected for understanding the relations between nutrient elements enrichment characteristics and human activities. Dating of the ²¹⁰Pb, grain size and nutrient elements (TOC, TN, TP, C/N) were analyzed. Then environmental change events were found by the sedimentary characteristics of CB-1 core and the local historical data of study area. Furthemore, according to the results of correlation analysis between nutrient elements and demographic data, the following conclusions were drawn as follows. (1) The nutrient enrichment in the Chiba lake sediment can be divided into two main stages for nearly 70 years: before the 1980s, the TOC, TN and TP values were very stable, the EF values reflected that the nutrient enrichment was within the natural level; since the 1980s, the nutrient element concentrations increased significantly and the EF values reflected that the nutrient enrichment was beyond the natural level. (2) The variation of TOC and TN values in modern sediments in the Chiba lake was significantly correlated with demographic data in the area (Jianli County), moreover, the value of TP and demographic data suddenly changed at the same time. (3) In the late 70s and early 80s of the twentieth century, nutrient elements in the Chiba lake were in rapid enrichment stage, which had a close relationship with the population growth, human activities and increased fertilizer use in Chinese agriculture during this period.

The Natural Forest Conservation Program and the Grain to Green Program and other ecological projects had been implemented in the Upper Yangtze River for more than 10 years. It's important to analyze the responsibility relationship between the spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation and ecological construction projects which could guide the future ecological construction and investment significantly. Based on the long time series SPOT-VEGETATION data, spatio-temporal dynamics of the vegetation in the Upper Yangtze River were analyzed from 2002 to 2013 using NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) with remote sensing and GIS technology. Linear tendency fitting method was used to find the impact of the payments of the ecological construction project and the afforestation activities towards the vegetation dynamics in county scales. A slowly rising trend of the vegetation condition was showed with an average annual growth rate of 1.06%, and the coverage increase was mainly achieved by the conversion from medium vegetation cover to the high vegetation cover. The area with increasing trend was about 86.02% of the Upper Yangtze River which was much larger than the decreasing area in 6.09% of the whole study area. The study area with increasing trend mainly distributed in the small and medium mountainous area at Yunnan Guizhou Plateau, Hengduan Mountains and to the north of Qinba Mountain. The decreasing part distributed in the round-counties of Chengdu, Chongqing and Kunming, Wenchuan Earthquake area in addition. It showed that the ecological projects in the Upper Yangtze River in the past decade played a positive role in the vegetation dynamics. 261 counties, which displayed with a good afforestation efficiency, up to the 90% of the study area, centrally located in the junction of Yunnan, Sichuan and Shaanxi and the Western mountains.

For the monthly average precipitation time series having the features of the fuzziness and randomness, a drought class prediction combination method based on the cloud reasoning and fuzzy logic relation are given. By calculating the standardized precipitation index (SPI) of Xuzhou station monthly precipitation data from 1951 to 2014, we get the measured drought grade sequence. We use SPI data from1952 to 2013 as the sample data, and extract 52 fuzzy logic inference rules of the fuzzy time series. The SPI data of a month is used as the input variable, and the cloud generator is used to obtain the forecast result of the drought level in the future. The results show that this method has certain prediction ability for drought occurrence, especially for no drought prediction, which is more accurate. But it is weak for the drought state mutations prediction, mainly due to the possibility of a severe drought is less, resulting in a less fuzzy inference rules. Therefore, it can be used as a reference for early warning of drought in northern Jiangsu Province, which is given priority to the light drought.

Spring wet damages seriously affect the growth and yield formation of winter wheat in south China. In this paper, a wet damage weather index was constructed with rainfall, sunshine and crop water requirement. From the perspective of winter wheat output loss, the frequency of yield reduction, disaster forming, damage risk intensity were analyzed, a damage intensity risk index model was established based on the frequency and damage risk intensity, and zones were divided according to the risk value. The results show that the southern region of the Yangtze River and western Jianghuai were the areas of high risk of spring wet damages, accounted for about 27% of district stations. The middle risk zone included most regions of Jiangsu and Anhui province, Jianghan plain region, eastern Jianghuai, southern Huaibei and the southeastern Hubei, which accounted for about 47%. The low risk area accounted for about 16% of the all district, mainly distributed in the northern Hubei and northern Huaibei areas.

The development and utilization of the flooding area will inevitably lead to the change of the roughness of the forest in the flooding area. The floodplain is also a part of river flooding area. The decrease of the roughness of the flooding area will increase the flow rate of the river, and then reduce the usable area of the fish. Therefore, in order to provide safe place for fish avoiding risk and to protect the effective habitat area, it is necessary to study the impact of the development of the floodplain on fish.In this paper, River2D software is used to simulate the fish habitat weighted usable area (WUA) corresponding to different floodplain roughness under a certain frequency flood condition, and to analyze the effect of changing roughness on river fish habitat. The results show that with lower floodplain roughness, weighted usable area (WUA) decreases gradually, amplitude of changes about WUA in floodplain range is relatively large, and the characteristics of floodplain significantly affect fish habitat area. The felling of vegetation in flooding area will reduce the area of fish habitat, so it should prevent the excessive development of flood and protect the ecological environment of the river.

This paper measures farmers' compensation amount for the loss of cultivated land in rural land consolidation projects based on cultivated land resource value, and analyzes farmers' willingness to accept based on farmer household survey data surveyed in Xiaogan city and Qianjiang city. The results were as follows. (1) The farmers' compensation amount for the loss of cultivated land in rural land consolidation projects in Xiaogan city and Qianjiang city were 1449695.76 yuan·hm^-2 and 1784296.17 yuan·hm^-2, respectively, based on cultivated land resource value system. (2) The compensation standard that farmers supposed to get for the loss of cultivated land was far lower than the theoretical value measured based on cultivated land resource value system. The average of farmers' willingness to accept for the loss of cultivated land in rural land consolidation projects in the two city was 336197.95 yuan·hm^-2. So we could develop farmers' compensation standards for the loss of cultivated land in rural land consolidation projects based on farmers' willingness to accept, supplemented by the agricultural production value and social guarantee value of cultivated land. (3) Education level had a significant negative effect on the compensation standards. So arising farmers' education level was helpful to increase their cognitive level of rural land consolidation, and then promote the development of rural land consolidation in China. (4) The readjustment of land property rights is a major measure to deal with farmers' loss of cultivated land. Doing a good job of the readjustment of land property rights in rural land consolidation project, need to fully respect farmers' wishes. And the readjustment of land property rights should be based on agricultural modernization as the target.

In order to reveal the effects of cypress slope shelterbelts on soil macrofauna communities in adjacent crop field, rape field and maize field were selected as the study sites, and soil macrofauna class group, density, diversity and biomass were investigated in slope shelterbelt fields and no slope shelterbelt fields, respectively. The results showed that total 4525 soil macrofauna were captured, which belonged to 3 phylum, 8 class, 18 order and 25 family. The dominant families were Lumbricidae, Formicidae, Moniligastridae and Geophilellidae. The ordinary families were Japygidae, Grylloidea, Geophilidae, Anystidae, Lycosidae and Salticidae. Family number, density, diversity index and biomass of soil macrofauna in slope shelterbelt fields were significantly higher than that in no slope shelterbelt fields (P<0.05). Furthermore, family number, density, diversity index of soil macrofauna in 5m were obviously lower than that in 0m to shelterbelt (P<0.05). Finally, the density of herbivore, predator and detritivore also increased in near slope shelterbelt fields. The influence, however, on density of omnivore were not obvious. The results indicated that cypress slope shelterbelts promoted the development of soil macrofauna in adjacent crop fields. Nevertheless, the influence to soil macrofauna was declined with the increase of distance to shelterbelts.