In order to explore the composition and community diversity of soil fauna and the relationship with environmental factors in different urban woodlands, soil fauna in the litters of different urban woodlands which were built several decades ago in Shanghai were investigated across four seasons from April 2014 to January 2015. A total of 9391 soil individual faunas which belong to three phyla, 11 classes and 21 groups were collected. The dominant groups were Arcarinan and Collembola, accounting for 90.31% of the total density. The common groups were Diptera and OligochaetaIsopoda, accounting for 5.29% of the total density. Besides, the seasonal dynamic of soil fauna in every urban woodland was different. There was a significant difference (F=146.31, P<0.01) among soil fauna density in the six urban woodlands, and the highest density was found in Cinnamomum camphora and Platanus woodland, while the lowest density was found in Metasequoia glyptostroboides woodland. Density-group index was ranked as:Cinnamomum camphora and Platanus woodland (4.62) > Platanus woodland (2.69) > Cinnamomum camphora and Populus woodland (1.86) > Cinnamomum camphora woodland (1.36) > Cinnamomum camphora and Metasequoia glyptostroboides woodland (0.91) > Metasequoia glyptostroboides woodland (0.85). Community diversities of soil fauna in every urban woodland could be displayed preferably by this index. From CCA analysis, we could find that litter total organic carbon, litter biomass, surface soil water content, temperature were the main environmental factors which influenced soil fauna communities in litter layers of different urban forests. Besides, different soil fauna groups had different adaptability to the environmental factors.

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important process of water cycle over land surfaces. ET is also a crucial parameter in the fields of water resources, water recycling and other fields. In this paper, water discharge from five main tributaries and precipitation from 80 meteorological stations in Poyang Lake watershed were used to verify the MODIS evapotranspiration data products (ET_MOD) during 2000-2013 according to the principle of water balance. The spatiotemporal pattern of ET in the Poyang watershed was analyzed. The results showed that (1) the sum of ET_MOD and water discharge is closed to precipitation for every sub-watershed in the Poyang Watershed. The average absolute error of annual ET was about 166 mm, the average relative error was about 10%. It means that ET_MOD can be used reliably. (2) In addition to water bodies and building land, the annual ET changed from 875.4 mm to 912.2 mm during 2000-2013. The ascent happened in 2003, 2012 and 2013, which exceeded the average ET value by 21.36 mm, 16.93 mm and 14.86 mm respectively. The seasonal variation characteristics of the ET in the Poyang watershed increased during spring to summer and then deceased during autumn to winter. (3) The annual ET is lower for the alluvial plain around the Poyang Lake and higher for the mountainous region that is mainly covered by forest. ET was higher in the Ganjiang sub-watershed than the others, which was attributed to the high forest cover. (4) ET is affected by land use significantly, the average ET for every land use type was ordered as woodland > farmland > grassland > unused land.

From the view of development of port and port city, we redefined the connotation extension of port's sustainable development ability. Based on the principle of a sustainable development index system, we built the evaluation system for measuring sustainable development ability of the port. On the one hand, the indices of the system have strong operability and practicability, meanwhile the data is objective; On the other hand, the system can describe the real condition of evaluation objects and compare different evaluation objects. Based on this system, we selected 13 ports in the Yangtze Delta and analyzed them with a clustering method to measure the sustainable development ability of ports. Result indicated that among the 13 ports, ports of Shanghai and Ningbo-Zhoushan are the first class port, which has strong sustainable development ability with good locational conditions and economic growth; Port of Suzhou and Lianyungang are the second class port, which has different advantages and relatively strong development; The other 9 ports may have some advantages, but the unbalanced economic development or poor construction of infrastructure largely unhindered their sustainable development ability.

The carbon sequestration forests have important values of both carbon sequestration and timber harvest. The optimal rotation is an important factor that effects the benefits of carbon sequestration forests, which have been rarely studied. In this paper we focused on the short rotation carbon sequestration forests of eucalypt in Cangnan County, Zhejiang Province, and built an optimal rotation evaluation model of the carbon sequestration forests accounting for carbon price, discount rate, timber price and labor price under various scenarios and infinite horizon. We studied how above variables influence the optimal rotation of the carbon sequestration forests and discussed the net value of carbon sequestration forests benefits, through simulation calculation using the growth model of eucalypt. The results showed that when the carbon price was 55 Yuan/t, discount rate was 5%, timber price was 700 Yuan/m³ and labor price was 100 Yuan each day, the optimal rotation of eucalypt carbon sequestration forests was 8 years, the net present value of per unit area was 99 053.80 Yuan/ha, but carbon sequestration benefits only accounted for 8.60% of the total net present value. In addition, the carbon price, discount rate and timber price had negative correlations with the optimal rotation of carbon sequestration forests, while the labor price had a positive correlation.

Nine plateau lakes in Yunnan Province are very important for the sustainable socioeconomic development of Yunnan Province. In this study, the Landsat remote sensing data and SPOT6/7 remote sensing data were used to monitor the lakes area of Yunnan Province in 1989, 1993, 2000, 2007, and 2015. The results showed that the area of Yunnan Plateau Lake in 1989~2015 decreased slightly, indicating that the nine plateau lakes area as a whole is stable, however, Qilu Lake and Yilong Lake area continued to shrink, Yilong Lake has shrunk by ca. 40%. The lake area in 2015 were smaller than that in 2007, showing that the continuous drought in recent years had a marked impact on the lake area. The comparison of the nine Lake area in 2015 Landsat 8 OLI data and the SPOT 6/7 solution showed that the results of different spatial resolution were significantly different (even up to 8%), which indicated that the effect of different spatial resolutions on the spatial resolution of the lake area was considered when using multi-source remote sensing data.

In this study we carried out a series of experiments on every key technologies of the artificial propagation of Triplophysa xichangensis, including oxytocin drugs and dosage, the insemination method, and the larval hatch and culture method. The results showed that, when the gonad of the female fish developed to the Ⅳ+-Ⅳ++ period, twice injection was given with 0.1 ml hormone containing LRH-A at a dose of 0.1 μg/g fish and HCG at a dose of 20 IU/g fish, while the doses were halved for male fish, it could preferably promote brood stock estrus and spawn. The response and effective time of the hormone was 30.5-31h at a water temperature of 19±0.5℃. All the artificial propagation processes of the fish, including the intensive cultivation of brood stock, hormone injection and natural spawning, hatching of fertilized eggs, cultivation of larvae fish, were carried out in a special plastic basin. The fertilization rate and hatching rate was 97.2% and 85%, respectively, and the survival rate of the 20d larvae fish was 85%. This research can be applied in large-scale breeding of Triplophysa xichangensis, and has positive significance for the protection of fish biodiversity in the upper Yangtze River.

With rapid development of hydroelectric industry in china, fish resources are facing great threats and fish rescue and protection programs are further emphasized. In this article we discuss on the current status of fish rescue and protection projects in China from the three aspects:artificial enhancement and releasing, fish passage and habitat restoration. Artificial enhancement and releasing projects are highly concerned, releasing scale and input fund surges increase while actual outcomes are not so effective; fish passage facilities have been developed rapidly in recent years, but it comes to no conclusion yet if such development achieves designed destination although fish passing monitoring outcomes were good at the very beginning, together with the fact that scientific evaluation systems on outcome assessment and relevant management regulations are lacked; fish habitat restoration projects starts to be emphasized and has achieved certain effects after tryout. We suggest relevant departments shall consider prudently the input of investment of artificial enhancement and releasing, strengthen research and assessment on its actual effects, aggrandize fund input and enhance construction and research of fish passage facilities, perfect actual fish passage effect, strengthen assessment, operation, management and law implementation about fish passage, and finally increase study and investment on fish habitat restoration.

We conducted comparative experiment for watercress floating bed between water tank and river to investigate the difference in root growth and biomass distribution. The water in tank was pumped from the river. We aimed to explore the difference in plant growth between controlled experiment and practical application of watercress floating bed. The results showed that:Most root parameters of watercress showed an exponential increase trend in river and water tank while average root diameter showed decreases trend with time. Total root length, total root surface area, number of root branch, and number of root overlaps were all significantly higher in tanks than in river (p<0.05). The root mass of watercress in tanks showed a faster growth speed than the above water biomass which is contrary to the growth speed between above and under water biomass in river. The crown-root ratio showed a downward and then upward trend with time. But the rate of change in tanks is smaller than that in river. The above founding indicates that watercress in the tanks may be faced with nutrient limitations, which can result in overestimation of nutrient removal of watercress floating bed root system in river.

The research on pollution weather classification has great significance for air quality forecast and pollution total amount control. To provide the basis for air quality forecast and early warning, the weather type that affect the air quality of Chengdu was classified based on the ground pressure situation from 2013 to 2014, then the air quality under different weather type was analyzed, and then the pollution meteorological characteristics of each weather type was studied based on meteorological monitoring data. Results showed that there are 5 weather types based on 500 hpa circulation situation, including two-trough and one-ridge type, one-trough and one-ridge type, latitude type, trough and ridge in phase type and so on, The air quality deteriorated under the control of two-trough and one-ridge type, one-trough and two-ridge type and trough and ridge in phase type. There was 10 weather types that influence air pollution based on surface pressure situation, including high pressure type, at the back of the high pressure type, at the bottom of the high pressure type, low pressure type, at the top of the low pressure type, at the front of the low pressure type, at the bottom of the low pressure type and so on. The air quality deteriorated under the control of high pressure type, at the back of the high pressure type, at the bottom of the high pressure type.

With the aim to provide a basis on which decisions are made with regard to the optimization and low-carbon planning of urban land use in the researched city and offer some insights into low-carbon planning and sustainable development in similar cities, this study investigates the influencing mechanism of land-use factors at medium-and-small scale in the working and living areas on residents' commuting CO₂ emission by means of GIS and statistical methods such as multiple linear regression and structural equation model, with an instance of Nanyang City, Henan Province at the level of individual residents on the basis of 3, 746 sets of data acquired through field survey. The study discovers that among endogenous variables commuting distance and commuting choices are the major factors that have an impact on residents' commuting CO₂ emission, while among the exogenous variables, the road density in the working areas, the proportion of commercial land and the population density in the living areas have significant positive correlation with commuting CO₂ emission, whereas the number of bus routes, the degree of mixed land use in the living areas, the ratio of residential land and industrial land in the working areas have significant negative correlation with commuting CO₂ emission.

The management of ecological and clean small watershed plays an important role in maintaining water ecological security in key water resource areas. In this paper, spatial analysis was applied to ecological management division of the Raofeng River watershed in Shiquan County, Shaanxi Province based on its nature and social factors. The result of division suggested that Raofeng River watershed can be divided into different ecological management areas including ecological restoration area, sloping cultivated land restoration area, sloping surface treatment area, sloping cultivated land treatment area, farmland treatment area, village comprehensive treatment area and channel treatment area. Also, based on the sources and characteristic of main pollutant of each ecological management areas, the control measures for each area were put forward. These information can provide a new idea for the precise control of ecological and clean small watersheds.

Based on the medium and small flood data from 1981-2012 in the upper reaches of Yangtze River and the NECP/NCAR reanalyzed data, the primary weather types of medium and small flood are summarized. They are zonal type, meridional type, easterly flow type and shear line between Tibetan high and subtropical high. The occurrence mechanism of flood-causing and the characters of medium and small flood have been researched by using the diagnostic analysis. The results show that the circulation of the zonal type is relatively flat in mid-high latitudes. Low trough in the northern XinJiang leads cold air flow to low-mid latitudes, and often accompanying with southwest jet at 850 hPa and 700 hPa, but the ground front position is slightly north. This type often has stronger precipitation processes, which are more severer and have long durations. And the medium and small flood presents double peaks or multiple peaks. The average peak discharge, the increasing discharge is the strongest. And the maintenance time of the flood process is the longest, about 14 days. The circulation of meridional type has deeper trough in Baikal lake and Northeast China, and has warm and humidity shear line or vortex development. The divergence in the exit area of the jet and cold advection is the most outstanding. The rainbelt of this type often appears from southwest to northeast. The medium and small floods present single peaks. The average peak discharge and the increasing discharge is medium. And the maintenance time of the flood process is the shortest, about 12 days and rising flow is faster. The high frequency of surface rainfall often occurs in the northern Jinshajiang River, Mingtuojiang River, Jialingjiang River and Yibin-Yichang watershed. The strong precipitation could occur in the whole watershed. Subtropical High over the Western Pacific and tropical cyclone meet toward to the upper reaches of Yangtze River with water vapor of the easterly flow type. The cold advection does not change significantly before and after the heavy rain. Influenced by topographic forcing uplift, the spatial distribution of heavy rain is frequently quasi-stationary, appeared as gobbets and sudden character. The medium and small flood of this type presents single peak. The average peak discharge and the increasing discharge is minimum and the rising flow is fastest. The strong precipitation occurs in the Mingtuojiang River and Jialingjiang River watershed. The circulation of shear line between Tibetan high and subtropical high is obvious saddle field. The power and water vapor conditions are weaker. This intensity of the precipitation is weaker, less stable, but accumulated precipitation is larger. The flood is given priority single peak, though bimodal peak occasionally occurred. The average peak discharge, the increasing discharge and the flood process is medium. The strong precipitation occurs in the Mingtuojiang River, Jialingjiang River and Yibin-Chongqing watershed.

The spatial and temporal variations of inundation extent for a lake have a great influence on landscape structure and function of wetland ecosystems. Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China. Poyang Lake wetland is a very important wetland in the world for biodiversity conservation. It is very important to measure accurately the water surface dynamics of the Poyang Lake. In this paper, the scatterplot between lake water level and MODIS-derived inundation area of the Poyang Lake was used as a starting point, and the uncertainty of inundation areas with lake water levels was discussed. The results showed that:(1) Although a significant linear relationship was found between water level and inundation area for the Poyang Lake, the water surface area shows uncertainty. (2) Water level in Poyang Lake is higher in the south and lower in the north when lake water level is low, and the spatial heterogeneity of water level was decreasing with increasing lake level. (3) Water level slope in Poyang Lake in the time period of water withdrawal was greater than that in flood period. (4) Affected by fishery practice of dish-shaped sublakes, the water surface area of the sublakes in water withdrawal period is greater than that in flood period. Sand mining also changed the water extent around the sandpits when in low lake level. Therefore the inundation extent for Poyang Lake was affected by topography of lake basin, water discharge from the tributaries in Poyang Lake watershed, and the backwater effect of the Yangtze River, as well as by human activities such as sand mining and fishing practice with levees.

According to daily average temperature predicted by the stage 5 test plan (CMIP5-RCP6.0) of the climate system model (BCC) at each lattice point in 2006-2050, we corrected and inverted the daily average temperature of every site of the Liangshan prefecture from 2021 to 2050. Using the low temperature index of different areas of Liangshang prefecture during rice heading and flowering, we analyzed the mid summer low temperatue frequency and the security sowing date and the security full heading date, and the days from sowing security date to full heading security date. We also established a risk index of mid summer low temperature on the rice such as I=exp(Id+Ip-2). According to the risk index, the Liangshan prefecture were divided into different areas of low temperature risk. The results showed that:(1) the mid summer low temperature frequency of Liangshan was between 10% and 300%, and the regional and interannual differences were very large; (2) Compared with the past 30 years, generally, the security sowing date of rice was advanced by about 10d,the most advance was more than 20d in the Liangshan prefecture. Only at a few sites the security full heading date was delayed, while most sites had a advanced tendency. (3) The areas at an altitude below 1500 m had no such risk, while the 1500-2000m areas were lower-risk areas, 2000-2500m were medium risk areas, 2500-2600 m were high risk areas. The partition results are ine line with the actual product of rice in the Liangshan Prefecture, and provided a scientific basis for future rice production layout in response to climate change.