This article introduces the carbon into the framework of TFP analysis and uses Malmquist Index to measure and calculate the Total Factor Productivity Carbon (TFPC) in the Yangtze River economic belt from 2000 to 2013. The empirical results show:1.From the time dimension of view, during this period the carbon productivity of the Yangtze River economic belt has an upward trend in shock while the TFPC is relatively stable with the average annual growth rate of 2%; 2.From the perspective of spatial difference analysis, the carbon productivity is obvious different in the different regional of Yangtze River economic belt:downstream > midstream > upstream. Total factor productivity in the downstream is higher than that in the upstream region, while the midstream and upstream is in the condition that "catch-beyond-unsurpassed"; 3.In the upstream region, the power to improve the TFPC is the improvement of technical efficiency. In the midstream region, TFPC decreased by 0.1%, that is because changes brought about technical efficiency has been completely offset by the magnitude of the deterioration of technical progress. Through technological innovation the downstream region promoted the optimal production frontier moved outward, so that TFPC increasd 4.4 percentage points4.In Anhui and Guizhou, the carbon productivity have the room for improvement meanwhile, Yunnan, Sichuan and Chongqing can also promote the improvement of carbon productivity through technology progress and technology innovation. However, the room for improvement carbon productivity of Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Jiangxi is minimum.

With the development of China's railway network, the level of urban accessibility received a significant boost and the compression effect of regional time-space became further highlight.The study based on the data of the railway train schedules in 2009 and 2014, prefecture-level cities in China as the study object, combined with the traditional method of mathematical statistics and spatial analysis method, analysis the accessibility of prefecture-level cities and its types in China. Results show that:(1) The number and type of passenger rail transport have great changes, especially originating trains and bullet train have a greatly increased and the opening of the high-speed operation due to the accessibility of cities improved to a certain extent, but the city accessibility to improve regional difference significantly. (2) three core cities(Beijing、Shanghai and Guangzhou) in urban accessibility rating system established the first level, the traffic condition of differences caused the city accessibility rating system change. (3) The absolute and relative gap between Chinese urban accessibility are showing a growing trend, the number of train had a significantly effect of polarization and the new increase of the passenger and more on high-grade center city agglomeration, the construction of the railway infrastructure is reshaping China productivity pattern. (4) From the perspective of urban function and size attribute to dock originating trains and train the median as the critical value, the Chinese city is divided into four types including high scale and high function, high scale but low function, low scale but high function, low scale and low function. Analysis the distribution characteristics and the reason of city. The improvement of the railway traffic network is becoming more and more important, this study provides significance guiding for reasonable allocation of railway passenger transportation and layout of transportation network based on the railway passenger transport between urban traffic accessibility and spatial pattern of evolution.

In the past several years, scholars showed more concerns on the relationship between urban land expansion and urban population growth in the process of urbanization. The year between 1996 and 2006 wereat the mid stage of speeding urbanization in China. Based on the land use survey from 1996 to 2006, the coordination degree between urban land expansion and urban people growth in the process of urbanization was analyzed by using the model of coefficient of variation. The result is as follows:(1) the speed ofland expansion and people in the process of urbanization mismatched generally and the population growth lagged behind the land expansion; (2) However, the coordinate degree between land expansion and urban population growthshowed regional differences;(3) Provinces are expected to put forward people-oriented urbanization based on their past experiences and lessons learned according to their different development stages of urbanization, to promote the population and land urbanization in coordinated development.

The regional difference is a core problem of geographical and regional development research. Choosing the best scale to measure the regional economic differences, and identifying the main directions and reasons of the regional economic differences will be very helpful to narrow the difference in regional economy and promote the harmonious development. Taking gross domestic production per capita as a variable indicator, this paper employs scale variance, global difference indexes, particular direction index to analyze the optimal scale, orientation and the reason of regional inequality in Hubei province from 2000 to 2014. Firstly, with the scale variance and its contribution, we find that the smaller scale it is, the bigger scale variance it will be. And the regional economic inequality at county scale gives the greatest contribution to Hubei whole regional inequality. Secondly, we build a regional economy global difference index (GDI) which is based on weighted geometric means among Coefficient variance, Theil index, and Atkinson Index. The GDI reveals that the overall regional inequality experienced increasing trends in Hubei province from 2000 to 2007,and after 2007, the overall regional inequality started to decrease year by year. Thirdly, using the particular direction index (PDI), we discover that among the three kinds of subgroup methods, the PDI of center-periphery is always biggest, so the main direction of regional inequality in Hubei is the "center-periphery" structure direction. Lastly, we find that historical development basis, economic location, the level of economic globalization and the regional development strategy are the four main factors which result in regional inequality in Hubei province.

Migration is an endogenous result and also an endogenous factor of regional socio-economic development. Using the county-level data of the fifth and sixth census, the spatial-temporal pattern of the distribution of inter-county immigrants in Hubei province is analyzed, and the endogenous mechanism is explored based on the New Economic Geography framework. It shows that immigrants has being concentrated to the city municipal districts and their adjacent regions since 2000, which enlarged the gap but decreased the degree of agglomeration of distribution of immigrants between counties in Hubei province. It is the availability of differential manufacturing and service products that determines the immigration. A region having more firms and adjacent to the regions that have more firms will have higher availability of differential products, which would have more strong pulling power on migrants. Moreover, regional integration is beneficial to enhance local availabilities of differential products and thus to attract immigrants, which would induce the coagglomeration of population and industries.

Takingthe Yangtze River middle reachesurban agglomerationsas a case study, the ecological costsof economic development is introduced, combining traditional factors influencing economy, to analyze the spatial economymatching and evolution patterns of the level of economic development and ecological costs based on variation coefficient, Theil index and ESDA-GIS.The results showthat there is an obvious aggregationcharacteristics of economic development, and the phenomenon of spatial polarization mainlycauses the unbalanced development of regional economy.The high-high (HH) and low-low (LL) spatial clusters dominant the patterns of spatial clusters in ecological cost and there is a decrease tendency of HH clusters with an increase tendency of LL clusters, which indicates that consumption of ecology cost has been improved. From 2001 to 2012, the comprehensive level of economic development and ecological costs in the Yangtze River middle reachesurban agglomerationsexperiences a more and more significantspatial disparity, showing a transition from low level of economic development with low ecological costs to high level of economic development with high ecological costs, further toa spatial matching mode of high level of economic development with low ecological costs.The model of high level of economic development with high ecological costsstill exists in many cities, and there is still a great potential for coordinated development of economy and ecological space.

The mountainous settlement ecological niche could reflect located spatial position of the settlement vertically along the mountain and resources space available to the settlement for sustenance, which is consequence of the local settlers adapt to mountainous natural environment in the long-term. Based on the spatial distribution of mountainous settlement ecological niche of individual nationality categories and meteorological, social, and topographical driving factors, this study established the Multilevel Bayesian Model between the geographical features of mountainous settlement ecological niche (the area, perimeter, and the ratio of perimeter to area of mountainous settlement ecological niche) and driving factors (meteorological, social, and topographical driving factors) by Redundant Analysis and Bayesian theory. It could quantify the affect of nationality category on the relationships between the geographical features of mountainous settlement ecological niche and driving factors. The detailed results were as following:1) There were obvious differences between driving factors impacted on the geographical features of whole 1667 nationalities in the study site and that influenced on the geographical features of individual nationalities, the altitude and slope have further impact on the former, the altitude, slope, dry humidity, wet humidity, and distance to river have further effect on the latter. Besides, the topographical driving factor altitude played an important role both the whole 1667 nationalities and individual nationalities. The topographical driving factors altitude and slope were weakly correlated to humidity of dry season, humidity of wet season, distance to river. 2) The humidity of dry season and humidity of wet season significant effected on the geographical features of Tibetan and Qiang nationalities settlement ecological niches, and the social driving factors distance to river, distance to county, the topographical factors altitude and slope significantly impacted on geographical features of Tibetan settlement ecological niche which related to its distributed areas and number. 3) The nationality category had furthest impact on the relationships between geographical features of mountainous settlement ecological niche and meteorological factor dry humidity, the second was social driving factor distance to county, the last one was topographical driving factor slope. In summary, the study on the relationships between the geographical features of mountainous settlement ecological niche and driving factors could provide the data support for quantifying the relationship between settlement ecological niche and mountainous environment.

Water resources carrying capacity evaluation is a very significant research method which comprehensively takes both water resource utilization and ecological environment issues into consideration. Its evaluation results can be used to clearly determine the status of regional economic and social sustainable development. On the basis of combination of empowerment with Analytic Hierarchy Process method (AHP) and variation coefficient method, water resources carrying capacity from 2003 to 2013 of Jiangsu Province was assessed and analyzed by using half-liter of Γ Distribution Index which optimized with PSO in this paper. In conclusion, from 2003 to 2013, the water resources carrying capacity of Jiangsu province was slightly increased with minor fluctuation during the past ten years, rising from 0.396 to 0.461. From 2003 to 2007, the water resources carrying capacity stayed at Ⅱ grade level and the mean of water resources carrying capacity was 0.441. After 2009, the water resources carrying capacity upgraded to Ⅲ grade level and remained at Ⅲ grade level, butit shows a deterioration trend because of the unstable situation of the outbreak of algae in Taihu Lake. The results showed that the outbreak of algae in Taihu Lake of Jiangsu in 2007 was an important turning point in promoting the water resources carrying capacity of Jiangsu, which aroused wide governmental and public attention. At the same time, the authorities of Jiangsu province documented and executed many important policies, documents as well as water conservancy projects concerning water environment protection, such as Division of Surface Water (environment) Functional Areas of Jiangsu Province and Suggestions on the Pollutant Carrying Capacity and Limited Amount of Pollutant Emission of Surface Water (Environment) Functional Areas of Jiangsu Province, so as to curb the regional water problems more scientific and efficient and provide more guidance to improve water quality. Through the construction of resource-economical and environment-friendly society and ecological civilization, water resources problems have been relieved and several evaluation indexes have been greatly improved. For instance, from 2003 to 2013, the rate of water quality reaching standard in water function zones increased from 30.23% to 56.1% and the COD emission per ten thousand industrial output value decreased from 1.98 kg every ten thousand yuan to 0.63 kg every ten thousand yuan. By comparing with the urbanization process of Jiangsu province, it can be concluded that the construction of two-oriented society and ecological civilization can help contribute to the promotion of water resources carrying capacity greatly. Finally, based on the results of analysis, three countermeasures were proposed to help promote the water resources carrying capacity, namely, transforming the economic development mode through supply-front reform, promoting the construction of water saving and ecological society with full participation of the whole society and enhancing coordination and advancing cooperation with different apartments and surrounding regions in curbing and managing the water pollution or problems in the Taihu Lake Basin.

Since the 1990s, the liner shipping company has become the dominant factor of port system evolution, and the mechanism of liner network formation has become a hot research area. Taking the Yangtze River Delta as a case study area, the article builds evaluation index system of calling port selection from port infrastructure, container throughput, port efficiency, port charges, supporting industries and supporting policies. Then the paper quantitatively measures the influence factors of calling port selection in the Yangtze River Delta by using multivariate linear regression model. On this basis, the thesis verifies the results of quantitative analysis by questionnaire interviews, selecting the port logistics nodes, such as port, liner shipping company, cargo owner and freight forwarders. The results showed that qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis results are basically the same. Container throughput and port charges are the most important factors of calling port selection in the Yangtze River Delta, the secondly is port infrastructure and port efficiency, the last is policy environment and supporting industries.In recent years, the impact of policies is becoming more and more significant.

With the implementation of the Changjiang River Economic Belt national strategy and the regional economic development strategy along the Changjiang river, the development of Changjiang river shipping is facing with a great opportunity. The normal operation of the Three Gorges project provides a good environment for shipping development of the Three Gorges reservoir area's tributaries. As a connecting section between the Chongqing the upper Changjiang river shipping center and Wuhan the middle Changjiang river shipping center, to improve the channel capacity and standard has become an urgent need. Systematic verificated the natural conditions and waterway development situation of the Three Gorges reservoir tributaries, analyzed the impact of the Three Gorges project on the tributary waterway conditions and problems, cleared the method of determining the navigation scale, proposed the navigation scale about 14 major tributaries estuary. Lastly, proposed some measures and recommendations, including strengthen the observation analysis and model demonstration, intensify the infrastructure construction and channel regulation, follow-up observe the influences on waterway about the Three Gorges reservoir sediment deposition.

In order to reveal the process and driving of river valley city in southern China hilly region, this paper takes Shangrao urban area as an exanple and studies the spatial-temporal process, characteristics and driving factors of urban land expansion in Shangrao based on the technology of remote sensing and GIS.The results show that, in the 25 years from 1988-2013, the Shangrao city land showed a rapid growth trend, and the city form evolution has distinct temporal characteristics:regardless of rate or the expansion speed is extended during 2001-2013, the values were higher during 1988-2001 value, and propagation characteristics before and after the two periods showed obvious difference. City Center Plaza in the old city center has gone through the radioactive extension, group type scattered expansion of two stages, also presents the obvious direction difference. The main expansion direction is southwest and west, and propagation speed of the southeast direction is the most slow. The landform of the natural environment has great restriction effect on the urban land expansion of Shangrao urban area, the driving factors on the urban land expansion in Shangrao urban area are the development of Economic and society, the government policies and urban plan.

In this paper, taking the Yubei District of Chongqing as the study area, based on CLUE-S model and Binary Logistic stepwise regression analysis, using the remote sensing land use historical imageries of 2007 and 2009 of Yubei District,and the key forces driving land use change and controlling land use pattern in Yubei District, land use spatial distribution pattern in 2013 of Yubei District was simulated. Then, the simulated results of the two temporal scale were compared with the real land use map of 2013 to validate the precision of the simulation. And on this basis, for a better understanding of the future land use changes in Yubei District, three different scenarios of land use change for further 7 years (from 2013 to 2020) of Yubei District were constructed, and three different land use spatial distribution patterns in 2020 of Yubei District were predicted by using the CLUE-S model. The results showed that using CLUE-S model, at 100m spatial resolution level, the simulation accuracy of the two temporal scale reached respectively 92.26% and 94%, Kappa indexes were 90.32% and 92.5% respectively, which suggesting that the CLUE-S model applies to simulate temporal and spatial changes in land use from 2007 to 2009 and from 2009 to 2013 of Yubei District.This model which has the capability of rnodeling changes in quantity and location sirnultaneously, has a good understanding of the futher land use change of Yubei District and applies to predict the land use spatio-temporal change of Yubei District. And the key driving factors which are selected from biophysical and socioeconomic factors including topography, national roads, province roads, highways, rivers, urban, town and rural residential areas play important roles in driving the land use spatial distribution change of Yubei District. The results of scenarios analysis demonstrate that in 2020 the land use change mainly occured in Chongqing Liang Jiang New Area, including Yufengshan town, Shuangfengqiao subdistrict, Lianglu subdistrict, Wangjia subdistrict and Gulu town, which suggesting that the regional social and economic development policy has an important influence on land use change. In the scenario analysis, the urban and built-up land was significantly increased under all three different scenarios, that is scenario Ⅰ > scenario Ⅱ > scenario Ⅲ. Whereas there was obvious difference in the cultivated land and forest land change under three different scenarios. The cultivated land was decreasing under all three different scenarios, that is scenario Ⅲ > scenario Ⅰ > scenario Ⅱ. And in scenario Ⅰ, the forest land was decreasing, whereas in scenario Ⅱand Ⅲ, the forest land was increasing. So during the process of social economy development in Yubei District, the scenario Ⅱ is much more reasonable for the goal of urban and rural harmonious development, economical and intensive use of land, ecological environment improvement and cultivated land protection. The study conclusions will provide data reference and basic information of decision support for Yubei District future land use planning, management and policy-making.

By using the method of open-top growth chambers (OTC) to simulate temperature enhancement for 8 consecutive years(2008-2015), the study studied the response of different soil layers and rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of Phragmites australis and Imperata cylindrica culturable soil microbial quantity change to long-term simulated temperature enhancement in coastal wetland in Estern Chongming Island. The results showed that:(1) long-term warming resulted in the quantity of culturable soil microbial increased greatly in warming group than in control group. Warming had a significant effect on the quantity of bacteria, fungi in surface layer. Bacteria number reached the largest increasing rate of 34.16% in the first layer, while fungi number reached the largest increasing rate of 64.42% in the third layer. The effect of warming on actinomycetes was significant in 20-40cm layer, with the largest increasing rate of 59.47%.(2) Long-term warming had little impact on the rhizosphere effect change of reed, with a smaller effect in different layer in warming group. Rhizosphere fungi and actinomycetes of Imperata cylindrical differed obviously in second and third layer, respectively. (3) The study showed different responses of soil culturable microorganism quantity and rhizosphere effect of different plants to long-term warming. There were different increasing percentage of soil culturable microorganism quantity and rhizosphere effect between Phragmites australis and Imperata cylindrical. It might be related to the plant type, the kind and quantity of rhizosphere secretion.

The water flow and associated pollutant transport pathways in many lakes strongly influence the fate of various pollutants, and may thus affect the spatiotemporal variations in the general water quality of the lake. Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, are thought to have important implications for the steadily deteriorating water quality and the associated rapid environmental changes during the flood period. This study used a hydrodynamic model MIKE 21 in conjunction with a particle-tracking model to provide a comprehensive investigation of transport behaviors in a large floodplain Poyang Lake. For the pollutant inputs both directly to the lake and catchment rivers, model simulations indicate that the lake's prevailing water flow patterns cause a unique transport pathway that primarily develops from the catchment river mouths to the downstream area along the lake's main flow channels, similar to a river-transport behavior during the dry period of the lake. Particle-tracking experiment also shows that the pollutant transport pathways appear to exhibit random pathways along with the complex water flow patterns. That is, the released particles are trapped in the eastern bay of the lake, mainly due to influence of the clock-wise gyre. While the particles adjacent to the Kangshan station are more likely to be constrained in the lake's main flow channels and further move northward during this flood period. In addition, simulation results indicate that although the average residence time of the lake is 89 days, substantially longer residence time may occur at some bays, depending on the topographically controlled flow patterns related to the gyres for local lake areas. These results demonstrate that the water flow patterns play an important role in controlling the pollutant transport pathway across the lake. The current study represents a first attempt to use a coupled model approach to provide insights into the transport behaviors for a large river-lake system, given proposals to manage the pollutant within the lake and its catchment rivers.

Danjiangkou reservoir is the water source area of Middle Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project. Studying the dynamic change of reservoir water area, it has important significance to safeguard the diversion. In view of the Danjiangkou reservoir characteristic of water area change significantly faster and short-term fluctuations obviously, using month by month remote sensing image from March 2000 to October 2015, basing on normalized difference water index (NDWI) to extract water body, Danjiangkou reservoir water area dynamic change has been resrech. Results show that the monthly average water area in recent 16 years of Danjiangkou reservoir is more than 400 km², from February to July are drought period, and from August to the following year in January are wet period. According to the season, reservoir water area showed a trend of increase from summer to autumn, reservoir water area showed a trend of decrease from winter to spring, reservoir water fluctuation the most intense is in the autumn, and winter is more gently. Down area mainly concentrated in northern and eastern of Danjiangkou reservoir, and the west of the Han River reservoir.

Taking elevation, slope and soil types as environmental characteristics, the hydro-fluctuation belt of Wudongde Reservoir in front of dam could be classified into 18 ecological types with a technique of GIS. Elevation, slope and soil maps were drawn, which established direct-viewing relation between environmental characteristics and ecological types. Based on different types, four restoration models were put forward and ten plant species were chosen as restoration species. This paper would provide reference for ecological restoration of hydro-fluctuation belt in other reservoir.

Implementing pollution receiving redline management and controlling pollutant amount in land area were considered as essential way to ensure water quality standards. The natural attribute and integrity of catchment were overemphasized in water function zoning and management, resulted in lack of connection with administrative division and distribution of pollution sources. Aiming at this problem, the technical route of the control unit division were proposed based on delineation of water function. By considering catchment characteristics, administrative division and distribution of pollution sources, the relationship between water function zone and control unit was established with GIS. Depending on above method, the total control pollutant amount in each control unit was carried out based on permissible pollution bearing capacity of water function zone. The method was applied to Panzhihua reach as a study case. The whole watershed was ultimately divided into 15 control units and 19 control subunits. Furthermore, the total control pollutant amount of COD and ammonia nitrogen was evaluated 17 437.6 t per year and 1 866.0 t per year. The result show fine consistency with pollutant amount control program adopted by local environmental authorities.

Benthic macroinvertebrates have been widely used in river health assessment. Selection of the fast and effective evaluation indices has important implications for health assessment area or river basin. This research is based on taizi River basin 46 sampling points of benthic macroinvertebrates and environment survey data in Taizi River Basin, through the BMWP sensitive index value revision and assessment of the level of division, single-factor analysis of variance to compare BMWP index values in the different water categories distribution, correlation analysis BMWP index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index and B-IBI index. Finally BMWP index on river health of Taizi River Basin were evaluated. Research results showed that:In general, when the river water becomes worse, BMWP mean was gradually decreased; linear regression analysis showed that, BMWP index with other three indices showed a significant linear regression relationship (R²=0.60-0.85, p<0.01), and could effectively indicate and reflect biological status and habitat quality in different sections. Evaluation on modified BMWP index sampling points showed that:Among Taizi River basin 46 sampling points, excellent and good sampling point accounted for 45.7%, the general sample accounted for 21.7%, and poor and very poor samples was 32.6%. The BMWP index analysis of the applicability showed that BMWP index can reflect the Taizi River basin River health more accurately, with simpler collection and identification than other biological index. BWMP index is a sign of river health assessment ability of rapid biological assessment for future regional assessment of large number of sample points and may provide some reference value.