Abstract: Climate change has had a significant impact on human society and economic development, which means that carbon emission reduction are imminent. As an important area of economic and social development, it is of great significance to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality in agriculture. Hunan Province, a major rice-growing province, is selected as the research object to explore the spatial differences and dynamic evolution characteristics of rice ecosystem carbon neutrality used the methods of Theil index and Markov chain. The research conclusions are as follows: (1) the rice ecosystem in Hunan Province has achieved carbon neutrality and is in a carbon surplus state. But Spatial differences of carbon neutrality are evident and regional differences dominate in Spatial differences. (2) Time evolution of carbon neutralization is strong stability, and there is a phenomenon of "path dependence". At the same time, carbon neutrality has typical spatial dependence characteristics. In the low-to-medium-high spatial lag state, it has a positive radiation-driven effect on the neighborhood environment, and the radiation-driven effect is proportional to the spatial gap. (3) In the future, the rice ecosystem needs to make further efforts in the four aspects of carbon reduction and carbon control, ecological sink increase, regional cooperation, and transaction income generation, and fully coordinate the relationship between the agricultural carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, food security and farmers′ income increase. It can help the process of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality to some extent.