Abstract:

Urban sprawl brings not only opportunities for economic developments but also environmental issues. Anthropogenic heat is one of the critical problems, caused by energy consumption of human activities, such as increasing vehicles, industrial combustion, airconditioning, and so on. It will increase the heat with aerosols and greenhouse gases emitted, form the urban canopy and inhibit the heat to spread. It is also an unnegligeable factor in the formation of urban heat island. Anthropogenic heat can be classified into three sources，i.e. industry, residential dwellings and vehicles. To study the anthropogenic heat in Shanghai, annual total heat during the period of 1978-2008 was firstly calculated. The original data used in this paper were compiled from statistical yearbooks, including annual total energy consumption and its growth rate, population, energy conversion efficiency, heat rate of coal, total living energy consumption, annual mean mileage, automobile amount, fuel consumption, heat conversion and so on. Secondly, the temporal variations of anthropogenic heat were discussed, especially the annual variation of three sources ratios. Thirdly, the spatial variations were estimated using the statistical data, high resolution remote sensing data and monitoring data (e.g. traffic flow). Meanwhile, these data were interpolated into 1 km×1 km grids by means of geographical information system, which can be used for numerical simulations. Last but not least, the relation between temperature and anthropogenic heat was analyzed. Based on annual mean air temperature data of recent 30 years at 11 meteorological sites in Shanghai, this paper studied the changes of temperature and the differences between urban area and suburbs, and the relation to anthropogenic heat temporally and spatially using observation data and remote sensing data. The main results can be concluded as the following. First, the annual total heat in Shanghai has been increasing during the past 30 years. It ascended slowly before the year of 2000, while it rose quickly since 2000. According to anomalies of total anthropogenic heat and 3-year running means, the increasing trend was also revealed. Second, industry was the main source of anthropogenic heat in Shanghai. However, the ratio of industrial heat has been descending since 1978. The ratio of vehicles has exceeded residential ratio since the year of 2000. Third, the industrial anthropogenic heat was mainly emitted from four main industrial zones, i.e., coastal zone of Bao Steel along the Yangtze River, urban area along the Huangpu River, the southern Minhang District including Wujing industrial zone and Jinshan Petrochemical Park. However, residential and vehicle heat aggregated in the urban area. Fourth, since the 1990s, the difference between urban and suburbs has become larger than that before 1990. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution pattern of anthropogenic heat has good relationship with that of temperature. Thus, anthropogenic heat plays a significant role in the temperature increase and the enhancement of urban heat island in addition to large scale land use change and continuous highrise construction