Abstract: Based on the micro-survey data of farmers in the Loess Plateau, this paper empirically analyzes the main effect of the relationship between collective action and farmers' adoption of soil and water conservation technologies and the moderating effect of ecological compensation on the relationship between collective action and farmers' adoption of soil and water conservation technologies by using a multi-level nonlinear Tobit model. The results show that: (1) collective action has a significant positive impact on any type of soil and water conservation technology; (2) Ecological compensation can adjust the relationship between collective actions and farmers' adoption of soil and water conservation technologies. However, different types of soil and water conservation technologies have different adjustment directions, which have positive adjustment for labor-intensive soil and water conservation technologies and negative adjustment for capital-intensive soil and water conservation technologies. Based on this, the following policy suggestions are put forward: to enhance farmers’ ability and scale of collective action participation, to refine the standard of compensation amount and years, to formulate ecological compensation policies with differentiated technical attributes and so on.