Abstract: The Qiantang River Basin is one of the most important regions for early human cultural activities in eastern China. Meanwhile, this region has a relatively complete sequence of archaeological cultural development and is an important origin of Chinese civilization. At present, scholars have extensively explored the past man-land relationship between the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin, while the research on the Qiantang River Basin is relatively weak. Based on the data of archaeological sites and the natural environmental background since the Holocene, in combination of ArcGIS analysis technology, this paper is aims to estimate the kernel density of the sites, to extract the topographic and geomorphological factors and to analyze their directionality to carry out quantitative analysis of the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and rules of sites during different archaeological cultural periods. The relationship between archaeological sites and environmental changes is also conducted out. The results suggests that: (1) Natural factors and human factors affected the number and continuity of sites to varying degrees, among which sea level fluctuation and climate change are the dominant factors of cultural vicissitudes in the Qiantang River Basin, which exerting great influence on the distribution, expansion and transmutation of ancient culture. (2) From the early Neolithic Age to Xia-Shang Dynasties, the number of sites in the Qiantang River Basin changed in an inverted "N" type. In the vertical space, the sites were concentrated in the areas with an elevation below 200 m; in the horizontal space, showing significant spatial aggregation characteristics and the distribution center is near the main stream of the Qiantang River. (3) The responses of sites to environmental changes through their slope, slope direction, distance from the rivers and other elements in the Qiantang River Basin during different periods. The sites were mainly distributed in the areas with slope between 0° and 7°, aspect towards the southeast, and distance of less than 7 km from the rivers. With the increase of productivity, the dependency on water resources increased, but the limitation of natural environment on human activities decreased.